Mallappa Ashwini, Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh, Shome Rajeshwari, Patil Sharanagouda S, Amachawadi Raghavendra G, Mohan Kumar S K, Venkatesh Sudarshan Peramachanahalli, Ramesh Varsha, Sekar Yamini Sri, Thippeswamy Hariprasad, Patil Archana Veeranagouda
ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru 560064, India.
Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA.
J Infect Public Health. 2025 Apr;18(4):102693. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102693. Epub 2025 Feb 7.
Brucellosis is an infectious disease in lower to moderate-income countries. It primarily affects small ruminant (sheep and goat) populations and can also be transmitted to mammals (humans). Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) is the primary cause, posing a zoonotic threat. Controlling the spread of B. melitensis, especially in regions with high risk to humans and small ruminants, remains challenging. Current research explores the prevalence, genetic diversity, and prediction of brucellosis transmission in ruminants and humans.
In this study, we developed an integrated database providing information on B. melitensis incidence in livestock from 2003 to 2024 and a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence by following the Cochran collaborators' Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using reputable sources. These included reputable sources of electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Biomed Central, CeRA, Krishikosh, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, and Web of Science, complemented by the Google Scholar search engine. We also utilized Zotero 5.0 and Rayyan QCR, two web-based tools. Time series model to predict incidence trends and pan-genomic analysis to determine genetic diversity across Asia and Africa.
Meta-analysis revealed an overall prevalence of 12 % of which the African continent rose at 7 % (95 % CI: 5-8 %, I = 99 %, τ = 0.03, P = 0), while the corresponding prevalence in the Asian continent constituted 12 % (95 % CI: 11-14 %, I = 99 %, τ = 0.02, P = 0). The Time series model predicts a rising trend in brucellosis incidence from 2023 to 2030. The pan-genome analysis identified Rev 1 (0.000712) strain from China and the CIIMS-PH-3 (0.000209) strains from India showed the highest branch length, considered to have more genetic diversity.
These findings underscore the critical need for ongoing surveillance models and research to monitor the evolving B. melitensis landscape. High-prevalence regions exhibit significant genetic diversity. Effective prevention & control and response & preparedness strategies, including precise detection through advanced diagnostics, robust surveillance models to track trends, and targeted vaccination of susceptible animals, are vital. Stringent quarantine protocols, biosecurity measures, and exploring herbal remedies as a complementary approach to conventional treatment are crucial to mitigate the brucellosis burden as a public health concern and its socioeconomic impact on livelihood.
布鲁氏菌病是低收入和中等收入国家的一种传染病。它主要影响小型反刍动物(绵羊和山羊)种群,也可传播给哺乳动物(包括人类)。羊种布鲁氏菌(B. melitensis)是主要病因,构成人畜共患病威胁。控制羊种布鲁氏菌的传播,尤其是在对人类和小型反刍动物高风险的地区,仍然具有挑战性。当前研究探索反刍动物和人类布鲁氏菌病的流行情况、遗传多样性以及传播预测。
在本研究中,我们开发了一个综合数据库,提供2003年至2024年家畜中羊种布鲁氏菌发病率的信息,并进行了一项系统评价和荟萃分析,以按照Cochrane协作网的系统评价和荟萃分析优先报告项目指南评估患病率。使用了知名来源进行全面的文献检索。这些来源包括电子数据库的知名来源,如PubMed、ScienceDirect、Scopus、生物医学中心、CeRA、Krishikosh、ProQuest学位论文与全球博硕士论文数据库以及科学网,并辅以谷歌学术搜索引擎。我们还使用了两个基于网络的工具Zotero 5.0和Rayyan QCR。采用时间序列模型预测发病趋势,并进行泛基因组分析以确定亚洲和非洲的遗传多样性。
荟萃分析显示总体患病率为12%,其中非洲大陆上升至7%(95%置信区间:5 - 8%,I = 99%,τ = 0.03,P = 0),而亚洲大陆的相应患病率为12%(95%置信区间:11 - 14%,I = 99%,τ = 0.02,P = 0)。时间序列模型预测2023年至2030年布鲁氏菌病发病率呈上升趋势。泛基因组分析确定来自中国的Rev 1(0.000712)菌株和来自印度的CIIMS - PH - 3(0.000209)菌株显示出最长的分支长度,被认为具有更多的遗传多样性。
这些发现强调了持续监测模型和研究对于监测不断演变的羊种布鲁氏菌情况的迫切需求。高流行地区表现出显著的遗传多样性。有效的预防与控制以及应对与准备策略,包括通过先进诊断进行精确检测、强大的监测模型以跟踪趋势以及对易感动物进行针对性疫苗接种,至关重要。严格的检疫规程、生物安全措施以及探索草药疗法作为传统治疗的补充方法,对于减轻作为公共卫生问题的布鲁氏菌病负担及其对生计的社会经济影响至关重要。