Advanced predictive machine and deep learning models for round-ended CFST column.

Confined columns, such as round-ended concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, are integral to modern infrastructure due to their high load-bearing capacity and structural efficiency. The primary objective of this study is to develop accurate, data-driven approaches for predicting the axial load-carrying capacity (P​) of these columns and to benchmark their performance against existing analytical solutions. Using an extensive dataset of 200 CFST stub column tests, this research evaluates three machine learning (ML) models - LightGBM, XGBoost, and CatBoost - and three deep learning (DL) models - Deep Neural Network (DNN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). Key input features include concrete strength, column length, cross-sectional dimensions, steel tube thickness, and yield strength, which were analysed to uncover underlying relationships. The results indicate that CatBoost delivers the highest predictive accuracy, achieving an RMSE of 396.50 kN and an R of 0.932, surpassing XGBoost (RMSE: 449.57 kN, R: 0.906) and LightGBM (RMSE: 449.57 kN, R2: 0.916). Deep learning models were less effective, with the DNN attaining an RMSE of 496.19 kN and R of 0.958, while the LSTM underperformed substantially (RMSE: 2010.46 kN, R: 0.891). SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) identified cross-sectional width as the most critical feature, contributing positively to capacity, and column length as a significant negative influencer. A user-friendly, Python-based interface was also developed, enabling real-time predictions for practical engineering applications. Comparison with 10 analytical models demonstrates that these traditional methods, though deterministic, struggle to capture the nonlinear interactions inherent in CFST columns, thus yielding lower accuracy and higher variability. In contrast, the data-driven models presented here offer robust, adaptable, and interpretable solutions, underscoring their potential to transform design and analysis practices for CFST columns, ultimately fostering safer and more efficient structural systems.