Tilapia Diseases Reported in Mexico: A Systematic Review.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is an important food source worldwide and plays a significant role in Mexico's aquaculture industry. However, it faces increasing challenges from disease outbreaks threatening this sector. From recent research and epidemiological data, this review examines the diseases impacting tilapia aquaculture in Mexico. It analyses bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infections, providing insights into their clinical signs, etiological agents, treatment strategies, and geographical distribution across various Mexican states. The study highlights four major parasitic infections: Cichlidogyrus Infection, Gyrodactyliasis, Neobenedeniosis and Trichodiniasis. Six prominent bacterial infections are discussed, including motile Aeromonas septicaemia (MAS), Streptococcosis, Staphylococcosis, Francisellosis, Edwardsiellosis and Mycobacteriosis. It addresses Saprolegniasis, a fungal infection affecting tilapia eggs and the overall health of hatcheries. Additionally, it highlights technical information on the Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV), which poses a significant viral threat. This analysis examines the three-level diagnostic system for infectious diseases in aquaculture outlined by the FAO, emphasising its application in tilapia aquaculture in Mexico. The system includes (i) implementing prevention strategies, biosecurity protocols and good management practices (Level I); (ii) conducting laboratory-based diagnostic tests (Level II); and (iii) utilising advanced molecular techniques for early disease detection (Level III). By adopting these measures, the aquaculture sector can effectively mitigate disease outbreaks, thereby promoting the sustainable growth and long-term success of tilapia farming in Mexico.