Malaguarnera Michele, Cauli Omar, Cabrera-Pastor Andrea
Psychobiology Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
Nursing Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
Biomolecules. 2025 Feb 5;15(2):231. doi: 10.3390/biom15020231.
Obesity, a global epidemic, is a major risk factor for chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue, once viewed as a passive fat storage site, is now recognized as an active endocrine organ involved in metabolic regulation and inflammation. In obesity, adipose tissue dysfunction disrupts metabolic balance, leading to insulin resistance and increased production of adipose-derived extracellular vesicles (AdEVs). These vesicles play a key role in intercellular communication and contribute to metabolic dysregulation, affecting organs such as the heart, liver, and brain. AdEVs carry bioactive molecules, including microRNAs, which influence inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and tissue remodeling. In the cardiovascular system, AdEVs can promote atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction, while those derived from brown adipose tissue offer cardioprotective effects. In type 2 diabetes, AdEVs exacerbate insulin resistance and contribute to complications such as diabetic cardiomyopathy and cognitive decline. Additionally, AdEVs are implicated in metabolic liver diseases, including fatty liver disease, by transferring inflammatory molecules and lipotoxic microRNAs to hepatocytes. These findings highlight the role of AdEVs in obesity-related metabolic disorders and their promise as therapeutic targets for related diseases.
肥胖是一种全球性流行病，是2型糖尿病、心血管疾病和代谢综合征等慢性疾病的主要危险因素。脂肪组织曾被视为一个被动的脂肪储存部位，现在被认为是一个参与代谢调节和炎症反应的活跃内分泌器官。在肥胖状态下，脂肪组织功能障碍会破坏代谢平衡，导致胰岛素抵抗，并增加脂肪来源的细胞外囊泡（AdEVs）的产生。这些囊泡在细胞间通讯中起关键作用，并导致代谢失调，影响心脏、肝脏和大脑等器官。AdEVs携带生物活性分子，包括微小RNA，它们会影响炎症、胰岛素敏感性和组织重塑。在心血管系统中，AdEVs可促进动脉粥样硬化和血管功能障碍，而棕色脂肪组织来源的AdEVs则具有心脏保护作用。在2型糖尿病中，AdEVs会加剧胰岛素抵抗，并导致糖尿病性心肌病和认知衰退等并发症。此外，AdEVs通过将炎症分子和脂毒性微小RNA转移到肝细胞，与包括脂肪性肝病在内的代谢性肝病有关。这些发现凸显了AdEVs在肥胖相关代谢紊乱中的作用及其作为相关疾病治疗靶点的潜力。
