Department of Endocrinology, Health Management Center, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, 300121, P.R. China.
Shanghai National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Theranostics. 2020 Jun 12;10(16):7422-7435. doi: 10.7150/thno.42167. eCollection 2020.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes, microvesicles (MVs), and apoptotic bodies, are small membrane vesicular structures that are released during cell activation, senescence, or programmed cell death, including apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. EVs serve as novel mediators for long-distance cell-to-cell communications and can transfer various bioactive molecules, such as encapsulated cytokines and genetic information from their parental cells to distant target cells. In the context of obesity, adipocyte-derived EVs are implicated in metabolic homeostasis serving as novel adipokines. In particular, EVs released from brown adipose tissue or adipose-derived stem cells may help control the remolding of white adipose tissue towards browning and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Interestingly, EVs may even serve as mediators for the transmission of metabolic dysfunction across generations. Also, EVs have been recognized as novel modulators in various metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In this review, we summarize the latest progress from basic and translational studies regarding the novel effects of EVs on metabolic diseases. We also discuss EV-mediated cross-talk between adipose tissue and other organs/tissues that are relevant to obesity and metabolic diseases, as well as the relevant mechanisms, providing insight into the development of new therapeutic strategies in obesity and metabolic diseases.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）包括外泌体、微泡（MVs）和凋亡小体，是在细胞激活、衰老或程序性细胞死亡（包括细胞凋亡、坏死性凋亡和细胞焦亡）期间释放的小膜囊泡结构。EVs 作为长距离细胞间通讯的新型介质，可以将各种生物活性分子（如包裹的细胞因子和遗传信息）从其亲本细胞转移到远处的靶细胞。在肥胖的情况下，脂肪细胞衍生的 EVs 参与代谢稳态，作为新型脂肪因子发挥作用。特别是，来自棕色脂肪组织或脂肪来源的干细胞释放的 EVs 可能有助于控制白色脂肪组织向棕色化的重塑和维持代谢稳态。有趣的是，EVs 甚至可能作为代谢功能障碍在代际间传播的介质。此外，EVs 已被认为是各种代谢紊乱（包括胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪性肝病）的新型调节剂。在这篇综述中，我们总结了基础和转化研究中关于 EVs 对代谢疾病的新作用的最新进展。我们还讨论了 EV 介导的脂肪组织与肥胖和代谢疾病相关的其他器官/组织之间的交叉对话，以及相关的机制，为肥胖和代谢疾病的新治疗策略的发展提供了思路。
