García-Giménez Alejandro, Pradas Francisco, Lecina Miguel, Ochiana Nicolae, Castellar-Otín Carlos
ENFYRED Research Group, Faculty of Health and Sports, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain.
Department of Physical Education and Sports Performance, Faculty of Movement, Sports and Health Sciences, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacau, 600115 Bacau, Romania.
Biology (Basel). 2025 Jan 28;14(2):136. doi: 10.3390/biology14020136.
Ultra-trail events (UTs) pose significant challenges to maintaining hydration and electrolyte balance, with risks of dehydration (DH), overhydration (OH), exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH), and exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER). This study examined the effects of ad libitum (ADL) hydration on hydration status and muscle damage during a nine-stage UT (635 km, 40,586 m elevation gain). Four highly trained male athletes participated. Hydration was assessed via body weight loss (BWL), urine specific gravity (U), and serum sodium ([Na+]), while muscle damage markers included creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and calcium (Ca), and liver damage biomarkers included aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Our results showed no cases of EAH or hypernatremia ([Na+] > 145 mmol·L), with serum [Na+] maintained above 135 mmol·L. BWL exceeded the 2% DH threshold in early stages ( = 0.029), and U remained elevated (>1.020 g·mL). LDH and CK significantly increased at all stages ( < 0.05), persisting for 48 h post-event. Correlations showed BWL aggravated muscle damage (r = 0.47 with CK) and hypocalcemia (r = -0.68 with Ca). Elevation gain/loss amplified fluid loss and muscle injury. While ADL hydration mitigated EAH, it did not fully address DH or muscle damage. Personalized hydration and recovery protocols are crucial to optimizing performance and health in UT events.
超级越野赛事（UTs）对维持水合作用和电解质平衡构成重大挑战，存在脱水（DH）、水摄入过多（OH）、运动相关性低钠血症（EAH）和劳力性横纹肌溶解（ER）的风险。本研究调查了自由饮水（ADL）对一项九阶段UT（635公里，累计海拔上升40,586米）期间水合状态和肌肉损伤的影响。四名训练有素的男性运动员参与了研究。通过体重减轻（BWL）、尿比重（U）和血清钠（[Na+]）评估水合情况，而肌肉损伤标志物包括肌酸激酶（CK）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和钙（Ca），肝脏损伤生物标志物包括天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）和丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）。我们的结果显示未出现EAH或高钠血症（[Na+]>145 mmol·L）病例，血清[Na+]维持在135 mmol·L以上。早期阶段BWL超过了2%的脱水阈值（ = 0.029），U持续升高（>1.020 g·mL）。各阶段LDH和CK均显著增加（ < 0.05），在赛事结束后持续48小时。相关性分析表明BWL加重了肌肉损伤（与CK的r = 0.47）和低钙血症（与Ca的r = -0.68）。海拔上升/下降加剧了液体流失和肌肉损伤。虽然ADL饮水减轻了EAH，但并未完全解决脱水或肌肉损伤问题。个性化的水合作用和恢复方案对于优化UT赛事中的表现和健康状况至关重要。
