: This study evaluates the potential of electroencephalography (EEG) as a noninvasive tool for distinguishing between healthy individuals ( = 79), those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; = 36), and dementia patients ( = 7). : Using a 14-channel Emotiv EPOC-X headset, we analyzed power spectral density during a 2-min eyes-closed resting state. : Our results demonstrated that while EEG effectively differentiated dementia patients from healthy controls, it did not show significant differences between MCI and healthy controls. This indicates that EEG holds promise for identifying advanced cognitive decline but faces challenges in early-stage detection. : The study contributes to the growing body of literature by highlighting EEG's potential as a cost-effective alternative to invasive diagnostic methods while also identifying the need for larger sample sizes and task-oriented approaches to improve its diagnostic precision.