Gynecologic Cancer Screening and Prevention: State of the Science and Practice.

Gynecological cancers, including cervical, endometrial, ovarian, and vulvovaginal cancer, have increasing incidence and mortality globally over the last three decades. In that time, there have been advances in medical therapies and paradigm shifts in surgical treatment which have resulted in a greater quality of life for patients. Clinicians have also refocused efforts to preventing gynecologic cancer. The state of screening and prevention is varied in each of the cancer types. The most comprehensive screening program and only preventable gynecological cancer is cervical cancer, which has been heavily studied since the 1900s. Cervical cytology, primary high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing only, and co-testing are all effective in detecting cervical dysplasia and touted by the major medical. An additional arsenal is prevention through vaccination which has been shown to decrease cervical cancer. Unfortunately, the other gynecological cancers do not have effective screening strategies. The high rates of symptoms in endometrial cancer facilitate detection at an early stage but thus far, asymptomatic screening is only advocated in very high-risk population due to the invasive nature. Novel non-invasive mechanisms are currently under study though none have translated into clinical practice as of yet. Ovarian cancer remains the most innocuous with vague symptoms at onset resulting in late-stage diagnosis. Recommendations for prophylactic oophorectomy only apply to subsets of the population with predisposing genetic mutations. This has led to an ardent push for creative strategies such as opportunistic salpingectomy and a national genetic screening program. These efforts are in addition to the investigations underway researching radiologic, liquid biopsy, and genetic marker screening modalities for all gynecologic cancer. This review article discusses the state of screening, prevention, and recent advancements and pilot studies for each gynecological cancer.