Ballintijn C M, Punt G J
Respir Physiol. 1985 Apr;60(1):39-57. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(85)90038-6.
The activity coordination of the dorsal gill arch muscles in a teleost, the carp, is described and the effect of their contraction in combination with the respiratory pump movements is analysed. Based on their origin and insertion the dorsal branchial arch muscles can be divided into three groups: the external branchial arch levators, connecting the branchial arches to the neurocranium, the internal branchial arch levators, connecting the pharyngobranchials to the neurocranium and the dorsal oblique muscles, interconnecting the branchial arches and pharyngobranchials. Functionally, however, there are only two categories with the following properties. The first, which consists of the external branchial arch levators alone, is active during every respiratory cycle, including the cough. These muscles expand the branchial basket through gill arch abduction and, in combination with hyomandibular pumping movements, lower the floor of the buccal cavity. The results of these combined movements are: The gill arches remain evenly distributed within the expanding branchial cavities during inspiration, so that continuity of the gill curtain is maintained. Water flow resistance is reduced also. The volume of water flowing into the buccal cavity during inspiration is increased. The second category, comprising the internal branchial arch levators and the dorsal oblique muscles, contracts only during the cough and else is completely inactive. Contraction of these muscles reinforces the dorsal suspension of the gill arches by firmly anchoring the pharyngobranchials and epibranchials to the base of the skull. In this way strong, caudally directed forces which develop during the intermediate expansion of the cough can be prevented from dislocating the branchial basket.
描述了硬骨鱼鲤鱼背鳃弓肌肉的活动协调情况，并分析了它们与呼吸泵运动相结合时收缩的效果。根据背鳃弓肌肉的起点和止点，可将其分为三组：连接鳃弓与脑颅的外鳃弓提肌、连接咽鳃骨与脑颅的内鳃弓提肌以及连接鳃弓和咽鳃骨的背斜肌。然而，从功能上看，只有两类具有以下特性。第一类仅由外鳃弓提肌组成，在包括咳嗽在内的每个呼吸周期中都处于活动状态。这些肌肉通过鳃弓外展来扩张鳃篮，并与下颌泵运动相结合，降低口腔底部。这些联合运动的结果是：吸气时鳃弓在扩张的鳃腔内均匀分布，从而保持鳃幕的连续性。水流阻力也降低了。吸气时流入口腔的水量增加了。第二类包括内鳃弓提肌和背斜肌，仅在咳嗽时收缩，其他时候完全不活动。这些肌肉的收缩通过将咽鳃骨和上鳃骨牢固地固定在颅底，加强了鳃弓的背侧悬垂。这样，在咳嗽的中间扩张过程中产生的强大的尾向力就可以防止鳃篮移位。
