Holliman Anna G, Mackay Laci, Biancardi Vinicia C, Tao Ya-Xiong, Foradori Chad D
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2025;28(6):435-474. doi: 10.1080/10937404.2025.2468212. Epub 2025 Feb 27.
Atrazine is a chlorotriazine herbicide that is one of the most widely used herbicides in the USA and the world. For over 60 years atrazine has been used on major crops including corn, sorghum, and sugarcane to control broadleaf and grassy weed emergence and growth. Atrazine has exerted a major economic and environmental impact over that time, resulting in reduced production costs and increased conservation tillage practices. However, widespread use and a long half-life led to a high prevalence of atrazine in the environment. Indeed, atrazine is the most frequent herbicide contaminant detected in water sources in the USA. Due to its almost ubiquitous presence and questions regarding its safety, atrazine has been well-studied. First reported to affect reproduction with potential disruptive effects which were later linked to the immune system, cancer, stress response, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular ailments in experimental models. Atrazine impact on multiple interwoven systems broadens the significance of atrazine exposure. The endeavor to uncover the mechanisms underlying atrazine-induced dysfunction in mammals is ongoing, with new genetic and pharmacological targets being reported. This review aims to summarize the prominent effects of atrazine on mammalian physiology, primarily focusing on empirical studies conducted in lab animal models and establish correlations with epidemiological human studies when relevant. In addition, current common patterns of toxicity and potential underlying mechanisms of atrazine action will be examined.
阿特拉津是一种氯三嗪类除草剂，是美国乃至全球使用最广泛的除草剂之一。60多年来，阿特拉津一直用于玉米、高粱和甘蔗等主要作物，以控制阔叶杂草和禾本科杂草的出苗与生长。在此期间，阿特拉津产生了重大的经济和环境影响，降低了生产成本，并增加了保护性耕作措施。然而，其广泛使用和较长的半衰期导致阿特拉津在环境中普遍存在。事实上，阿特拉津是美国水源中检测到的最常见的除草剂污染物。由于其几乎无处不在以及有关其安全性的问题，阿特拉津已得到充分研究。最初报道它会影响生殖，具有潜在的破坏作用，后来在实验模型中发现其与免疫系统、癌症、应激反应、神经紊乱和心血管疾病有关。阿特拉津对多个相互交织的系统产生影响，这扩大了阿特拉津暴露的重要性。目前正在努力揭示阿特拉津在哺乳动物中诱导功能障碍的潜在机制，不断有新的基因和药理学靶点被报道。本综述旨在总结阿特拉津对哺乳动物生理学的显著影响，主要关注在实验动物模型中进行的实证研究，并在相关时与人类流行病学研究建立关联。此外，还将研究阿特拉津当前常见的毒性模式及其潜在的作用机制。
