James Timothy Y, Rokas Antonis
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Herbarium, University of Michigan, 1105 N. University, 4038 Biological Sciences Bldg., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
Department of Biological Sciences, Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1364, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
Mycologia. 2025 Mar-Apr;117(2):246-254. doi: 10.1080/00275514.2025.2460003. Epub 2025 Feb 28.
Fungal biologists have embraced phylogenies for understanding the biology of this diverse group in an evolutionary framework. In an attempt to highlight lineages of fungi that are distinct from the most speciose subphylum Dikarya (Ascomycota + Basidiomycota), the terms "early diverging fungi [lineages]" and "basal fungi" have been introduced, typically to refer to any phylum of fungi outside Dikarya. However, these terms are problematic, because they implicitly assume that the traits and taxa outside of Dikarya are ancestral by invoking a "ladder of progress." A simple rearrangement of the tree to deemphasize the species-rich Dikarya shows that the logic that these taxa are "early branching" or "basal" is a fallacy, because it ignores two facts: (i) that all extant lineages of fungi have evolved an equivalent amount of time since a last common fungal ancestor, and (ii) that the "early diverging lineages" are no more related to each other than they are to Dikarya. To support the many mycologists who want to celebrate the understudied lineages outside of Dikarya while ensuring that these lineages are not mistakenly perceived as "less evolved," "more ancient," or of "lower complexity," we propose that the community abandon these terms and simply use formal taxonomic names, e.g. Mucoromycota. Doing so will promote knowledge of these often overlooked branches of the tree of fungal life.
真菌生物学家采用系统发育学来在进化框架下理解这个多样化群体的生物学特性。为了突出与种类最为繁多的双核菌亚门(子囊菌门+担子菌门)不同的真菌谱系,引入了“早期分化真菌[谱系]”和“基部真菌”这两个术语,通常用于指代双核菌亚门之外的任何真菌门。然而,这些术语存在问题,因为它们通过援引“进步阶梯”隐含地假定双核菌亚门之外的特征和分类单元是祖先性的。对树状图进行简单重新排列以淡化物种丰富的双核菌亚门,结果表明这些分类单元是“早期分支”或“基部”的这种逻辑是错误的,因为它忽略了两个事实:(i)自最后一个共同的真菌祖先以来,所有现存的真菌谱系都经历了等量的进化时间,以及(ii)“早期分化谱系”之间的亲缘关系并不比它们与双核菌亚门之间的亲缘关系更近。为了支持众多想要颂扬双核菌亚门之外研究不足的谱系的真菌学家,同时确保这些谱系不会被错误地认为是“进化程度较低”、“更古老”或“复杂性较低”,我们建议学界摒弃这些术语,仅使用正式的分类学名称,例如毛霉亚门。这样做将促进对真菌生命之树中这些常常被忽视的分支的了解。