Meena Prabhu Narayan, Raghavendra D, Singh Satyendra, Kumar Narendra, Khokhar Mukesh Kumar, Chander Subhash, Lal Milan Kumar, Tiwari Rahul Kumar, Kumar Ravinder
ICAR- National Research Centre for Integrated Pest Management, Rajpur Khurd, New Delhi, 110068, India.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sadalpur, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125052, Haryana, India.
Heliyon. 2025 Feb 8;11(4):e42574. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42574. eCollection 2025 Feb 28.
Kinnow mandarin ( Blanco) is a valuable fruit crop mainly grown in the North Indian states of India due to its high-quality juice content. Psylla ( Kuwayama), whitefly ( Ashmead), sooty mould () and dieback () pests are the most important biotic constraints affecting its fruit yield up to 70 percent. To manage these pests, farmers often use mixture of non-label claim pesticides (quinalphos 25%EC, lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5%EC, diafenthiuron 50%WP, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 %, cymoxanil 8 % + mancozeb 64 % WP, etc.) without achieving the desired effect. Hence, area-wide implementation of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy in Kinnow mandarin was implemented during 2021-2023 covering 5 villages at Hisar, Haryana. Among the IPM strategy, installing yellow sticky traps @ 20/ha, neem seed kernel extract spray @ 5 %, and imidacloprid 17.8SL @ 0.3 % reduced the whitefly and psylla populations. The spray of 1 % starch and dipping infected fruits in a bleaching solution @ 0.1 % reduced the severity of sooty mould disease. Pruning and destruction of dead twigs followed by a spray of copper oxychloride 50 WP @ 0.3 % were found very effective too. The lowest average population of psylla and whitefly were recorded in T-IPM compared to T-farmer practice and T-control, respectively. Minimum average disease severity of sooty mould and dieback was noticed in T-IPM compared to T-farmer practice while the highest disease severity was recorded in T-control. Population dynamics of psylla, whitefly and sooty mould, dieback severity, and Area Under Diseases Progress Curve (AUDPC) were found to vary during 11th to 52nd standard meteorological week (SMW). They were observed to be highest in T-control treatment, followed by T-farmer practice and T-IPM. The highest natural enemy's populations (Coccinellid, and spider) were recorded in T-control followed by T-IPM, and then in T-farmer practice treatment. The highest average fruit yield and B: C ratio was recorded in T-IPM compared to T-farmer practice and T-control treatment. The validated IPM strategies can be adopted by Kinnow mandarin growing farmers as an economically viable option for the management of psylla, whitefly, sooty mould, and dieback pests.
金诺橘（布兰科）是一种珍贵的水果作物，因其高品质的果汁含量，主要种植于印度北部各邦。木虱（久山氏）、粉虱（阿氏）、煤烟病（此处原文括号内容缺失，未完整信息）和枝枯病（此处原文括号内容缺失，未完整信息）害虫是影响其果实产量的最重要生物限制因素，减产可达70%。为防治这些害虫，农民常使用非标签声明的农药混合物（喹硫磷25%乳油、高效氯氟氰菊酯2.5%乳油、丁醚脲50%可湿性粉剂、氯虫苯甲酰胺18.5%、霜脲氰8% + 代森锰锌64%可湿性粉剂等），但未达到预期效果。因此，2021年至2023年期间，在哈里亚纳邦希萨尔的5个村庄实施了金诺橘综合虫害管理（IPM）策略的区域推广。在IPM策略中，每公顷安装20个黄色粘虫板、喷洒5%印楝籽仁提取物以及0.3%的吡虫啉17.8悬浮剂可减少粉虱和木虱数量。喷洒1%淀粉并将感染果实浸入0.1%的漂白溶液中可降低煤烟病的严重程度。修剪并销毁枯枝，随后喷洒0.3%的50%波尔多液也被发现非常有效。与农民常规处理（T-农民做法）和对照处理（T-对照）相比，综合虫害管理处理（T-IPM）中木虱和粉虱的平均数量最低。与T-农民做法相比，T-IPM中煤烟病和枝枯病的平均病情严重程度最低，而T-对照中病情严重程度最高。在第11至52个标准气象周（SMW）期间，发现木虱、粉虱和煤烟病的种群动态、枝枯病严重程度以及病情进展曲线下面积（AUDPC）有所不同。在T-对照处理中观察到这些指标最高，其次是T-农民做法，然后是T-IPM。天敌种群数量（瓢虫、此处原文括号内容缺失，未完整信息和蜘蛛）在T-对照中最高，其次是T-IPM，然后是T-农民做法处理。与T-农民做法和T-对照处理相比，T-IPM中的平均果实产量和投入产出比最高。经过验证的IPM策略可供种植金诺橘的农民采用，作为管理木虱、粉虱、煤烟病和枝枯病害虫的经济可行选择。
