Klebel Thomas, Traag Vincent, Grypari Ioanna, Stoy Lennart, Ross-Hellauer Tony
Open and Reproducible Research Group, Know Center Research GmbH, Graz, Austria.
Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
R Soc Open Sci. 2025 Mar 5;12(3):241248. doi: 10.1098/rsos.241248. eCollection 2025 Mar.
Open Science seeks to make research processes and outputs more accessible, transparent and inclusive, ensuring that scientific findings can be freely shared, scrutinized and built upon by researchers and others. To date, there has been no systematic synthesis of the extent to which Open Science (OS) reaches these aims. We use the PRISMA scoping review methodology to partially address this gap, scoping evidence on the academic (but not societal or economic) impacts of OS. We identify 485 studies related to all aspects of OS, including Open Access (OA), Open/FAIR Data (OFD), Open Code/Software, Open Evaluation and Citizen Science (CS). Analysing and synthesizing findings, we show that the majority of studies investigated effects of OA, CS and OFD. Key areas of impact studied are citations, quality, efficiency, equity, reuse, ethics and reproducibility, with most studies reporting positive or at least mixed impacts. However, we also identified significant unintended negative impacts, especially those regarding equity, diversity and inclusion. Overall, the main barrier to academic impact of OS is lack of skills, resources and infrastructure to effectively re-use and build on existing research. Building on this synthesis, we identify gaps within this literature and draw implications for future research and policy.
开放科学旨在使研究过程和成果更易于获取、透明且具有包容性，确保科学发现能够被研究人员及其他人员自由共享、审查并在此基础上进一步拓展。迄今为止，尚未有系统的综述来阐述开放科学在多大程度上实现了这些目标。我们采用PRISMA范围综述方法来部分填补这一空白，梳理关于开放科学学术（而非社会或经济）影响的证据。我们识别出485项与开放科学各方面相关的研究，包括开放获取（OA）、开放/可互操作/可检索数据（OFD）、开放代码/软件、开放评估和公民科学（CS）。通过分析和综合研究结果，我们发现大多数研究调查了开放获取、公民科学和开放/可互操作/可检索数据的影响。所研究的关键影响领域包括引用、质量、效率、公平性、再利用、伦理和可重复性，大多数研究报告了积极或至少是混合的影响。然而，我们也发现了显著的意外负面影响，尤其是在公平性、多样性和包容性方面。总体而言，开放科学对学术产生影响的主要障碍是缺乏有效再利用和基于现有研究进行拓展的技能、资源和基础设施。基于这一综述，我们确定了该文献中的空白，并对未来研究和政策提出了建议。
