Ugalde José M, Meyer Andreas J
INRES-Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.
J Exp Bot. 2025 Sep 3;76(13):3722-3737. doi: 10.1093/jxb/eraf080.
In eukaryotic cells, protein supply to organelles varies depending on the stage of development and, in particular, exposure to environmental challenges. Adequate protein supply in terms of quality and quantity relies on sophisticated retrograde signalling systems that enable appropriate responses to the respective stress situations. Among many other retrograde signals, reactive oxygen species, which are generated during the initial stress response, are thought to be involved in transduction of redox-related signals that may also involve multiple redox pairs such as NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ and redox-active metabolites such as glutathione. Deciphering such signals requires detailed knowledge of their amplitudes and temporal and spatial dynamics. Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescent proteins have been developed for a number of different redox-related physiological parameters and can be monitored in living cells, tissues, and even whole plants using a variety of instruments adapted to the respective resolution requirements, thus opening gateways to retrograde signalling in plant cells. This review summarizes and critically evaluates current probes and devices used to monitor sensor fluorescence. It also outlines how biosensors can be used in combination with genetic and pharmacological approaches, to extract meaningful information and dissect the retrograde redox signalling systems in living plants.
在真核细胞中，细胞器的蛋白质供应会因发育阶段而异，尤其是在面临环境挑战时。蛋白质在质量和数量上的充足供应依赖于复杂的逆行信号系统，该系统能够对各自的应激情况做出适当反应。在许多其他逆行信号中，在初始应激反应过程中产生的活性氧被认为参与了氧化还原相关信号的转导，这些信号可能还涉及多个氧化还原对，如NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+，以及氧化还原活性代谢物，如谷胱甘肽。解读此类信号需要详细了解其幅度以及时间和空间动态。基于荧光蛋白的基因编码生物传感器已针对许多不同的氧化还原相关生理参数开发出来，并且可以使用适应各自分辨率要求的各种仪器在活细胞、组织甚至整个植物中进行监测，从而为植物细胞中的逆行信号传递打开了大门。本综述总结并批判性地评估了当前用于监测传感器荧光的探针和设备。它还概述了生物传感器如何与遗传和药理学方法结合使用，以提取有意义的信息并剖析活植物中的逆行氧化还原信号系统。
