Role of nanobionics to improve the photosynthetic productivity in plants and algae: an emerging approach.

The domain of nanobionics has gained attention since its inception due to its potential applicability in plant, microalgal treatments, productivity enhancement. This review compares the intake and mobilization of nanoparticles (NPs) in plant and algal cell. In plants, NPs enter from root or other openings, and then carried by apoplastic or symplastic transport and accumulated in various parts, whereas in algae, NPs enter via endocytosis, passive transmission pathways, traverse the algal cell cytoplasm. This study demonstrated the mechanisms of metal-based NPs such as zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), and silica (Si) for seed priming or plant treatments to improve productivity. These metal NPs are used as nano-fertilizer for plant growths. It has also been observed that these NPs can reduce pathogenic infection and help to cope up with environmental stresses including heavy metals contamination such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb). Overall, the photosynthetic productivity increases through NPs as it increases ability to enhance light capture, improve electron transport, and optimize carbon fixation pathways and withstand stresses. These advancements not only elevate biomass production in plant improving agricultural output but also support the sustainable generation of biofuels and bioproducts from algae.