Bilal S
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, 31952, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Mathematics, AIR University, Sector E-9, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Sci Rep. 2025 Mar 11;15(1):8414. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-92839-3.
Fluids possessing advanced thermal capabilities are a requirement of today's world scientific technology and are an inherent vital part of diversified large-scale processes. As a result, the induction of nanometric-sized particles has been considered an emerging approach to achieve advanced liquids. Various combinations have been used to enhance the efficiency of nanofluids in thermal engineering systems. Recently, a suspension of three distinctively structured nanosized particles has been made in conventional liquid, termed as a ternary nanofluid. The current study primarily aims to optimize the design of a working system by inducing ternary nanoparticles composed of (GO), (Cu) and (Ag) in the flow of kerosene (base liquid) along elongated surface. The dimensionless version of the transport equations in the partial differential equations (PDEs) is regulated through pertinent similarity transformations into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). While providing a variable heat source, consideration is given to the radiation energy of secondary variations. The novel slip boundary constraint conceptualized by Thomas and Troian was assumed to be at the surface of the configuration. Computational simulations are executed by implementing shooting and Runge-Kutta (RK) procedures to obtain the results in a graphical and tabular manner. Subsequently, a machine-learning technique based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm has been employed to predict the response of physical quantities to sundry parameters. The momentum profile was dominated by dispersing mono-nanoparticles compared to hybrid and ternary nanoparticles, whereas contrary aspects is attained for thermal distribution. The skin friction coefficient increased by up to 74% owing to the magnetic field factor. It is evident that the heat flux coefficient intensifies by up to 5% in the presence of quadratic thermal radiative energy compared to the linear radiative effect.
具有先进热性能的流体是当今世界科学技术的需求，并且是多样化大规模过程中不可或缺的重要组成部分。因此，引入纳米级颗粒被认为是实现先进液体的一种新兴方法。人们已经使用了各种组合来提高纳米流体在热工程系统中的效率。最近，在传统液体中制备了由三种结构独特的纳米颗粒组成的悬浮液，称为三元纳米流体。当前的研究主要旨在通过在煤油（基础液体）沿细长表面的流动中引入由（氧化石墨烯）、（铜）和（银）组成的三元纳米颗粒来优化工作系统的设计。偏微分方程（PDEs）中的传输方程的无量纲形式通过相关的相似变换被转化为常微分方程（ODEs）。在提供可变热源时，考虑了二次变化的辐射能量。假设由托马斯和特罗亚提出的新型滑移边界约束存在于构型表面。通过实施打靶法和龙格 - 库塔（RK）程序进行计算模拟，以图形和表格的方式获得结果。随后，采用了基于列文伯格 - 马夸特算法的机器学习技术来预测物理量对各种参数的响应。与混合纳米颗粒和三元纳米颗粒相比，单纳米颗粒的分散主导了动量分布，而热分布则呈现相反的情况。由于磁场因素，表面摩擦系数增加了高达74%。显然，与线性辐射效应相比，在存在二次热辐射能量的情况下，热流系数增强了高达5%。
