Hooper Madison A, Dixit Urvashi, Ahlich Erica, Zickgraf Hana F
Vanderbilt University, Department of Psychology, USA.
University of South Alabama, Department of Psychology, USA.
Appetite. 2025 May 1;209:107969. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2025.107969. Epub 2025 Mar 13.
In emotional eating (EE), affective states influence desire to eat and/or eating behavior. Most research on EE focuses on over-/under-eating in response to negative emotions, the former of which is related to higher weight and binge-spectrum eating disorder (ED) symptoms while the latter has been implicated in low weight and restrictive-only ED. Individuals endorsing both forms of negative EE are more impaired than those reporting unidirectional negative EE. Less is known about the influence of positive emotions on eating, in part due to a lack of self-report measures of positive over- and under-eating as separate constructs. The current study presents the development, including item reduction and initial factorial validity (primary aims) and convergent validity (secondary aims) of the Comprehensive Emotional Eating Scale (CEES), a four-factor measure of positive and negative over- and under-eating. The initial 134-item pool for the CEES was based on a review of extant emotional eating scales and emotion words from the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. The item pool was reduced and four factors identified using exploratory graphical analysis. The structure of the final set of 40 items was evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity of the negative over- and under-eating scales was established using measures of body image-focused eating disorder and ARFID symptoms, and exploratory data on the correlates of positive over- and under eating were reported. The CEES showed preliminary evidence of factorial and convergent validity in a US-based convenience sample. It allows for classification on all four quadrants of emotional eating.
在情绪化进食（EE）中，情感状态会影响进食欲望和/或进食行为。大多数关于EE的研究都集中在对负面情绪的过度/不足进食反应上，前者与体重增加和暴食谱系饮食失调（ED）症状有关，而后者则与体重过低和仅有限制性的ED有关。认同这两种负面EE形式的个体比那些报告单向负面EE的个体受损更严重。关于积极情绪对进食的影响知之甚少，部分原因是缺乏将积极的过度进食和不足进食作为独立结构的自我报告测量方法。本研究介绍了综合情绪进食量表（CEES）的开发过程，包括项目缩减以及初始的因素效度（主要目标）和收敛效度（次要目标），这是一种用于测量积极和消极的过度进食和不足进食的四因素量表。CEES最初的134个项目池是基于对现有情绪进食量表以及来自正负情绪量表的情绪词汇的回顾。通过探索性图形分析对项目池进行了缩减并确定了四个因素。使用验证性因素分析对最终40个项目的结构进行了评估。通过以身体形象为重点的饮食失调和回避限制性食物摄入障碍（ARFID）症状的测量方法确定了消极的过度进食和不足进食量表的收敛效度，并报告了关于积极的过度进食和不足进食相关性的探索性数据。CEES在美国的一个便利样本中显示出了因素效度和收敛效度的初步证据。它能够对情绪化进食的所有四个象限进行分类。
