Ratzan R M
J Med Philos. 1985 May;10(2):147-62. doi: 10.1093/jmp/10.2.147.
By virtue of their professional ethics as healers and because of their specialized technical knowledge and clinical experience in assessing and reacting to real and potential emergencies, physicians have an obligation to offer an unsolicited medical opinion when the following conditions are met: (1) physicians assess a high probability of potentially serious disease in a stranger because of information presented to them, either in the form of a communication or physical signs; (2) physicians judge this information to be latent (not readily interpretable as potentially dangerous by the stranger) and likely to remain latent prior to the onset of symptoms; (3) the physicians possess the medical knowledge appropriate to the professional interpretation of this information. Although not a morally risk-free endeavor (invasion of privacy and the potential creation of a 'sick role' whether or not the diagnosis is correct), offering an unsolicited medical opinion under the above conditions can prevent suffering and save lives in unsuspecting strangers.
凭借其作为治疗者的职业道德，以及在评估和应对实际及潜在紧急情况方面的专业技术知识和临床经验，在满足以下条件时，医生有义务主动提供医疗意见：（1）医生根据向他们提供的信息，无论是通过交流还是身体体征，评估陌生人患有潜在严重疾病的可能性很高；（2）医生判断此信息是潜在的（陌生人不容易将其解释为潜在危险），并且在症状出现之前可能仍然是潜在的；（3）医生具备对该信息进行专业解读所需的医学知识。尽管主动提供医疗意见并非毫无道德风险（侵犯隐私以及无论诊断是否正确都可能产生“病人角色”），但在上述条件下提供主动医疗意见可以防止毫无戒心的陌生人遭受痛苦并挽救生命。
