The effects of cryptic diversity on diversification dynamics analyses in Crocodylia.

Incomplete taxon sampling due to underestimation of present-day biodiversity biases diversification analysis by favouring slowdowns in speciation rates towards the recent time. For instance, in diversification dynamics studies in Crocodylia, long-term low net-diversification rates and slowdowns in speciation rates have been suggested to characterize crocodylian evolution. However, crocodylian cryptic diversity has never been considered. Here, we explore the effects of incorporating cryptic diversity into a diversification dynamics analysis of extant crocodylians. We inferred a time-calibrated cryptic-species-level phylogeny using cytochrome sequences of 45 lineages compared with the formally recognized 26 crocodylian species. Diversification rate estimates using the cryptic-species-level phylogeny show increasing speciation and net-diversification rates towards the present time, which contrasts with previous findings. Cryptic diversity should be considered in future macroevolutionary analyses; however, the representation of cryptic extinct taxa represents a major challenge. Additionally, further investigation of crocodylian diversification dynamics under different underlying genomic data is encouraged upon advances in population genetics. Our case study adds to the diversification dynamics knowledge of extant taxa and demonstrates that cryptic species and robust taxonomic assessment are essential to study recent biodiversity dynamics with broad implications for evolutionary biology and ecology.