Stigma experienced by people with mental illness in South America: an integrative review.

INTRODUCTION

People with mental illness are highly stigmatized by populations around the world and are perceived to be a burden on society. As a result of stigma, many people with mental illness are discriminated against, which leads to limited life opportunities. Given that beliefs about mental illness can vary based on culture, religion, nationality and ethnicity, it is important to understand the different types of mental illness-related stigma experienced around the world.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) methodology for integrative reviews was used to analyze 18 studies about lived experiences of mental illness-related stigma in South America.

RESULTS

Findings suggest that certain types of stigma in South America are based on gender and social norms, such as the social position of men and women in society. This leads to discrimination, isolation and violence from family, intimate partners, friends, society and health professionals. Employment is also limited for South Americans with mental illness. Other consequences, such a self-stigma, also impact the lives of people with mental illness in many South American contexts.

DISCUSSION

Family, friendship and social relationships, including health professionals, can involve processes that lead to the stigma experienced by people with mental illness.

CONCLUSION

This integrative review highlights how mental illness related-stigma impacts individuals in South America.