Multivariate classification of livestock production systems in Mexico.

The Mexican food production industry spans diverse agricultural and livestock products. Growing demand for animal-based products is driving significant changes in Livestock Production Systems (LPS), including shifts in location, herd sizes, and specializations. Global trade in livestock products has impacted Mexican producers' competitiveness and natural resource demands, raising environmental concerns. Better understanding of production system variations can assist decision-makers in enhancing agricultural sustainability. The study aimed to characterize the different types and distribution of LPSs in Mexico and their key factors. A conceptual model was developed reflecting the elements and interactions within production systems for cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Input variables were defined using this model, and data were gathered from government and official sources. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and a Hierarchical Cluster on Principal Components (HCPC) were used to characterize LPSs and classify states based on this typology. The multivariate analysis identified four production profiles, and the country's 32 states were classified into four distinct LPSs. The typology revealed by these production systems was consistent with traditional definitions previously established in Mexico. We observe changes within cattle and pig production systems, most notably in the adoption of new technology and integration of crop and livestock enterprises. Systemic heterogeneity was evident, with less economically developed states the most likely to display differences in the competitiveness of their production. This analysis represents the first quantitative synthesis of LPSs in Mexico and demonstrates the need for further investigation into their conditions and the factors that influence its diversification.