Practical approaches to the tasks of preserving autonomy and respecting vulnerability among critically ill adult patients: a narrative review.

Respect for autonomy and human vulnerability are bioethical principles that are frequently involved in decision-making dilemmas in the context of critical care. Multiple challenges are involved in the tasks of assessing and respecting the autonomy of critically ill patients with respect to the critical illness in question, patients' cognitive status and the context of intensive care units; furthermore, time constraints and emotional stress complicate decision-making for all stakeholders in this context. In addition, critically ill patients are inherently vulnerable to multiple sources of potential unintended harm. Therefore, clinicians working in intensive care units must develop the skills necessary to acknowledge, assess and mitigate those risks. In this manuscript, we review the literature on this topic. We also propose a practical approach that can help overcome some of those challenges; specifically, we advocate for the adoption of a relational approach to autonomy and shared decision-making, which could help overcome those challenges, thereby promoting more effective and ethical patient care.