Czarnota Paulina, MacLeod Jamie L, Gupta Niya, Manichaikul Ani, Shim Yun M
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 18;26(6):2747. doi: 10.3390/ijms26062747.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading chronic disease worldwide, with significant healthcare utilization, morbidity, and mortality. Irreversible airflow obstruction identified on spirometry establishes the diagnosis of COPD, but the disease entity encompasses a heterogeneous collection of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Despite the enormous burden of COPD, there are no pharmacological therapies that slow its progression or reduce mortality, indicating the need for a deeper understanding. There are sex differences concerning COPD prevalence, pathology, and symptoms. Historically thought to primarily affect males, its effect on females has increased significantly over time due to a rising prevalence of smoking and exposure to harmful pollutants among females. Over the past decade, the age-adjusted prevalence of COPD has been consistently higher in females than in males. Despite this, the impacts of biological sex continue to be confusing and poorly defined. The primary goal of this review is to organize and collate sex-dependent factors that may contribute to disease differences in males and females, thereby identifying future research questions in this area.
慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是全球主要的慢性疾病之一，在医疗保健利用、发病率和死亡率方面影响重大。肺功能测定显示的不可逆气流受限可确立COPD的诊断，但该疾病实体包含多种不同的肺部疾病，包括慢性支气管炎和肺气肿。尽管COPD负担巨大，但尚无减缓其进展或降低死亡率的药物治疗方法，这表明有必要进行更深入的了解。COPD在患病率、病理学和症状方面存在性别差异。历史上认为COPD主要影响男性，但随着女性吸烟率和接触有害污染物的增加，其对女性的影响随时间显著增加。在过去十年中，COPD的年龄调整患病率一直是女性高于男性。尽管如此，生物性别的影响仍然令人困惑且定义不清。本综述的主要目的是整理和归纳可能导致男性和女性疾病差异的性别依赖性因素，从而确定该领域未来的研究问题。
