Wang Hui, Zhang Xiaoyu, Liu Jing, Chen Chunying
New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety & CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2025 May;220:115570. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2025.115570. Epub 2025 Mar 25.
Graphdiyne (GDY), a two-dimensional (2D) carbon allotrope featuring a unique electronic structure, has attracted considerable attention due to its outstanding properties and potential applications in various fields, particularly in biomedicine due to its exceptional surface area, tunable electronic structure, and biocompatibility. Although promising, this field is still in the proof-of-concept stage due to incomplete understanding of the effects of structural regulation, particularly electronic structure, of GDY-based nanomaterials on their nano-bio interfaces, which seriously hinders the research of GDY-based nanomaterials in the biomedical field. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between electronic structures and nano-bio interfaces, this review focuses on the modulation of the electronic structure of GDY-based nanomaterials and its implications for engineering nano-bio interfaces for biomedical applications. Firstly, we delve into the intrinsic electronic properties of GDY, including its bandgap tunability and high carrier mobility, which are critical for its functionality in biomedical applications. We then discuss strategies for modulating these properties through oxidation, nonmetallic doping, covalent modification, and metal loading, aiming to optimize the electronic structure of GDY-based nanomaterials for superior performance in specific biomedical contexts, such as biomedical imaging, surface and interface catalysis, free radical scavenging, and drug delivery. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the methodologies for the investigation of these electronic properties, including theoretical simulation, characterization techniques, and real-time analysis of electron transfer at the nano-bio interfaces, highlighting their roles in advancing our understanding and guiding the design of novel GDY-based materials. Finally, this review provides an outlook on future research directions aimed at further optimizing the design of GDY-based nanomaterials and nano-bio interfaces, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to overcome current challenges and to fully realize the potential of GDY-based nanomaterials in biomedical applications. These principles are anticipated to facilitate the future development and clinical translation of precise, safe, and effective nanomedicines with intelligent theranostic features.
石墨炔（GDY）是一种具有独特电子结构的二维（2D）碳同素异形体，因其优异的性能以及在各个领域的潜在应用而备受关注，特别是在生物医学领域，这归因于其出色的比表面积、可调节的电子结构和生物相容性。尽管前景广阔，但由于对基于GDY的纳米材料的结构调控（尤其是电子结构）对其纳米-生物界面的影响理解不全面，该领域仍处于概念验证阶段，这严重阻碍了基于GDY的纳米材料在生物医学领域的研究。为了全面理解电子结构与纳米-生物界面之间的关系，本综述聚焦于基于GDY的纳米材料的电子结构调控及其对生物医学应用中工程化纳米-生物界面的影响。首先，我们深入探讨GDY的固有电子特性，包括其带隙可调性和高载流子迁移率，这些特性对于其在生物医学应用中的功能至关重要。然后，我们讨论通过氧化、非金属掺杂、共价修饰和金属负载来调节这些特性的策略，旨在优化基于GDY的纳米材料的电子结构，以在特定生物医学环境（如生物医学成像、表面和界面催化、自由基清除和药物递送）中实现卓越性能。此外，我们概述了研究这些电子特性的方法，包括理论模拟、表征技术以及纳米-生物界面电子转移的实时分析，强调它们在增进我们的理解和指导新型基于GDY的材料设计方面的作用。最后，本综述展望了未来的研究方向，旨在进一步优化基于GDY的纳米材料和纳米-生物界面的设计，强调需要跨学科合作以克服当前挑战并充分实现基于GDY的纳米材料在生物医学应用中的潜力。这些原则有望促进具有智能诊疗功能的精确、安全和有效纳米药物的未来发展和临床转化。
