Castro Vinicius Silva, Porto Yuri Duarte, Yang Xianqin, Conte Junior Carlos Adam, Figueiredo Eduardo Eustáquio de Souza, Stanford Kim
Faculty of Agronomy and Zootechnics, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá 78060-900, MT, Brazil.
Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá 78060-900, MT, Brazil.
Antibiotics (Basel). 2025 Mar 11;14(3):291. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14030291.
is one of the most studied bacteria worldwide due to its genetic plasticity. Recently, in addition to characterizing its pathogenic potential, research has focused on understanding its resistance profile to inhibitory agents, whether these be antibiotics or sanitizers.
The present study aimed to investigate six of the main serogroups of foodborne infection (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O157) and to understand the dynamics of heterogeneity in resistance to sanitizers derived from quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and peracetic acid (PAA) using whole-genome sequencing (WGS).
Twenty-four strains with varied resistance profiles to QACs and PAA were analyzed by WGS using NovaSeq6000 (150 bp Paired End reads). Bioinformatic analyses included genome assembly (Shovill), annotation via Prokka, antimicrobial resistance gene identification using Abricate, and core-genome analysis using Roary. A multifactorial multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was conducted to explore gene-sanitizer relationships. In addition, a large-scale analysis utilizing the NCBI Pathogen Detection database involved a 2 × 2 chi-square test to examine associations between the presence of and genes.
The isolates exhibited varying antimicrobial resistance profiles, with O45 and O157 being the most resistant serogroups. In addition, the gene was identified in only one strain (S22), while four other strains carried the gene. Through multifactorial multiple correspondence analysis, the results obtained indicated that strains harboring genes encoding Shiga toxin () presented profiles that were more likely to be sensitive to QACs. To further confirm these results, we analyzed 393,216 genomes from the NCBI Pathogen Detection database. Our results revealed a significant association ( < 0.001) between the presence of genes and the absence of , , or both toxin genes.
Our findings highlight the complexity of bacterial resistance mechanisms and suggest that non-pathogenic strains may exhibit greater tolerance to QAC sanitizer than those carrying pathogenicity genes, particularly Shiga toxin genes.
由于其遗传可塑性，它是全球研究最多的细菌之一。最近，除了表征其致病潜力外，研究还集中在了解其对抑制剂（无论是抗生素还是消毒剂）的耐药谱。
本研究旨在调查食源性感染的六个主要血清群（O26、O45、O103、O111、O121和O157），并使用全基因组测序（WGS）了解源自季铵化合物（QACs）和过氧乙酸（PAA）的消毒剂耐药性的异质性动态。
使用NovaSeq6000（150 bp双端读数）通过WGS分析了24株对QACs和PAA具有不同耐药谱的菌株。生物信息学分析包括基因组组装（Shovill）、通过Prokka进行注释、使用Abricate鉴定抗菌抗性基因以及使用Roary进行核心基因组分析。进行了多因素多重对应分析（MCA）以探索基因与消毒剂的关系。此外，利用NCBI病原体检测数据库进行的大规模分析涉及2×2卡方检验，以检查stx和eae基因的存在之间的关联。
分离株表现出不同的抗菌耐药谱，O45和O157是耐药性最强的血清群。此外，stx基因仅在一株菌株（S22）中被鉴定出来，而其他四株菌株携带eae基因。通过多因素多重对应分析，获得的结果表明，携带志贺毒素（stx）编码基因的菌株表现出对QACs更敏感的谱型。为了进一步证实这些结果，我们分析了来自NCBI病原体检测数据库的393,216个大肠杆菌基因组。我们的结果显示，stx基因的存在与eae、hlyA或两者毒素基因的缺失之间存在显著关联（P < 0.001）。
我们的研究结果突出了细菌耐药机制的复杂性，并表明非致病菌株可能比携带致病基因（特别是志贺毒素基因）的菌株对QAC消毒剂表现出更高的耐受性。
