Fuenzalida Lucas, Indo Sebastián, Contreras Héctor R, Rappoport Daniel, Cabané Patricio
Doctorate in Medical Sciences and Clinical Specialty Program, Postgraduate School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8320328, Chile.
Department of Surgery, Clinical Hospital-University of Chile, Santiago 8320328, Chile.
Biomedicines. 2025 Mar 11;13(3):687. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13030687.
Parathyroid cancer (PC) presents clinically as a case of hyperparathyroidism associated with local compression symptoms. The definitive diagnosis of PC is complex as it requires unequivocal criteria of invasion in postoperative biopsy. Given the difficulty in confirming the diagnosis of PC, attempts have been made to address this problem through the search for biomarkers, mainly using immunohistochemistry. Within this theme, the phenomenon of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell markers have been scarcely studied; this could eventually help discriminate between a diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma or carcinoma. On the other hand, identification of oncogenes and tumor suppressing genes, as well as epigenetic markers such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs all play a crucial role in tumorigenesis and have enormous potential as diagnostic tools. Furthermore, proteomic-based and inflammatory markers have also been described as diagnostic aids for this uncommon neoplasm. This review presents a clinical approach to the disease, as well as providing a state-of-the-art analysis of basic biomarkers in diagnosis and future projections in this field.
甲状旁腺癌（PC）在临床上表现为伴有局部压迫症状的甲状旁腺功能亢进病例。PC的明确诊断很复杂，因为它需要术后活检中有明确的侵袭标准。鉴于确诊PC存在困难，人们已尝试通过寻找生物标志物来解决这一问题，主要采用免疫组织化学方法。在这一主题下，上皮-间质转化现象和癌症干细胞标志物的研究很少；这最终可能有助于区分甲状旁腺腺瘤或癌的诊断。另一方面，癌基因和抑癌基因的鉴定，以及诸如miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA等表观遗传标志物在肿瘤发生中都起着关键作用，并且作为诊断工具具有巨大潜力。此外，基于蛋白质组学的标志物和炎症标志物也被描述为这种罕见肿瘤的诊断辅助手段。本综述介绍了该疾病的临床处理方法，并对诊断中的基础生物标志物以及该领域的未来预测进行了最新分析。
