Kozadinos Alexandros, Mylonakis Adam, Bekos Filippos, Kydonakis Nikolaos, Korovesis Georgios, Kastanaki Pagona, Despotidis Markos, Chrysikos Dimosthenis, Troupis Theodore
First Department of Surgery, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC.
Department of Anatomy, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC.
Cureus. 2025 Feb 26;17(2):e79712. doi: 10.7759/cureus.79712. eCollection 2025 Feb.
The umbilical vein is one of the most essential vessels in the human embryo. Anatomical structures though may vary in several cases. During the fourth and eighth weeks of gestation, the umbilical cord is formed. Initially, two umbilical arteries and veins exist. During development, the obliteration of the right umbilical vein occurs. The fetus and its liver receive macronutrients and oxygen from the placenta via the umbilical vein, which primarily supplies the left lobe of the liver before branching into the left portal vein and the ductus venosus. The ductus venosus directs blood from the umbilical vein directly into the systemic circulation through the inferior vena cava and right atrium, bypassing the fetal liver. In some cases, variations are observed. Disorders of the umbilical veins may involve the persistence of embryological structures, abnormal insertion or course, and the presence of supernumerary vessels. For example, the persistence of the right umbilical vein, duplication of the umbilical vein, and umbilical vein varix are some important variations to acknowledge in order to be able to understand the potential outcomes of the newborn. The majority of venous system anomalies are rare, and some may remain completely asymptomatic. Different forms of umbilical cord abnormalities, however, may be potentially fatal or pose a serious threat to fetal health. Therefore, clinically, early detection of these malformations is highly important in order to make a proper diagnosis and management of care. The aim of this study is to acknowledge the different types of umbilical vein variations through its development and its relation with liver parenchyma in order to achieve a better understanding and planning in surgical interventions. An advanced review search of the literature was undertaken. The literature review was conducted using the search engine of the PubMed database and Google Scholar. The years included in data collection were 1960-2022. All articles that met the inclusion criteria were taken under consideration.
脐静脉是人类胚胎中最重要的血管之一。不过，解剖结构在某些情况下可能会有所不同。在妊娠第4周和第8周期间，脐带形成。最初，存在两条脐动脉和脐静脉。在发育过程中，右脐静脉会闭锁。胎儿及其肝脏通过脐静脉从胎盘获得大量营养素和氧气，脐静脉在分支为左门静脉和静脉导管之前主要供应肝脏左叶。静脉导管将来自脐静脉的血液直接通过下腔静脉和右心房导入体循环，绕过胎儿肝脏。在某些情况下，会观察到变异。脐静脉疾病可能涉及胚胎结构的持续存在、异常插入或走行以及额外血管的存在。例如，右脐静脉持续存在、脐静脉重复以及脐静脉静脉曲张是一些需要认识到的重要变异，以便能够了解新生儿的潜在结局。大多数静脉系统异常很少见，有些可能完全没有症状。然而，不同形式的脐带异常可能具有潜在的致命性或对胎儿健康构成严重威胁。因此，在临床上，早期检测这些畸形对于做出正确的诊断和护理管理非常重要。本研究的目的是通过脐静脉的发育及其与肝实质的关系来认识不同类型的脐静脉变异，以便在手术干预中实现更好的理解和规划。对文献进行了高级检索。使用PubMed数据库和谷歌学术搜索引擎进行文献综述。数据收集涵盖的年份为1960年至2022年。所有符合纳入标准的文章均被纳入考虑。
