FERONIA: A Malectin-Domain Receptor Kinase with Intricate Signaling Mechanisms and Profound Importance to Plant Wellness.

Plants have evolved elaborate signaling networks, believed to be necessitated by the diversity and complexity of their morphology, developmental and reproductive strategies, and the need to cope with an ever-changing environment from which they are rooted and cannot escape. Their receptor-like kinase superfamilies, with members numbering in the hundreds to more than a thousand, exemplify how plants have evolved their signaling versatility. FERONIA (FER) receptor kinase from model is a member of the Malectin-domain receptor kinase family conserved among plants. FER has a perplexingly broad functional range, impacting growth to reproduction throughout the plant life cycle, and survival when encountering biotic and abiotic stressors from the environment, such as pathogens and climatic adversity. Efforts to understand FER signaling have brought to light novel signaling strategies at the continuum of the plant cell wall and plasma membrane, and a network of cytoplasmic and nuclear pathways that together support its biological roles. The discussion here focuses on the cell surface mechanisms, including a sugar-peptide interaction-driven liquid-liquid phase separation process along the cell wall-plasma membrane interface and a plasma membrane-linked signaling node comprised of FER, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein, the RHO GTPase molecular switch and a generator for reactive oxygen species (ROS). The emerging recognition of how the broader FER-related receptor kinase family could impact plant wellness and agricultural productivity is also discussed.