Dasari Meghana, Kurian Joel Abraham, Gundraju Sumanth, Raparthi Aishwarya, Medapati Rooth V
Department of General Medicine, Rangaraya Medical College, Dr. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (NTR) University of Health Sciences, Kakinada, IND.
Department of General Medicine, Andhra Medical College, Dr. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao (NTR) University of Health Sciences, Kakinada, IND.
Cureus. 2025 Mar 1;17(3):e79881. doi: 10.7759/cureus.79881. eCollection 2025 Mar.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive decline and neuropathological features such as amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) tangles. Blood-based biomarkers of Aβ and p-Tau have emerged as promising tools for early diagnosis, monitoring, and risk stratification of AD. This systematic review evaluates current evidence on the diagnostic utility of Aβ and p-Tau blood biomarkers in AD. This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 2011 and 2024. This review synthesizes findings from 33 peer-reviewed studies to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic utility of these biomarkers. Results demonstrate that blood Aβ and p-Tau levels strongly correlate with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and neuroimaging measures of AD pathology. Among the biomarkers analyzed, p-Tau (including p-Tau181 and p-Tau217) consistently exhibited superior diagnostic accuracy, particularly in distinguishing AD from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and cognitively normal individuals. The combination of Aβ and p-Tau biomarkers further improved diagnostic precision, supporting their complementary roles in AD pathology detection. Despite promising findings, significant heterogeneity among studies underscores the need for assay standardization, validation in diverse populations, and longitudinal research to establish clinical utility. This study concludes that blood-based Aβ and p-Tau biomarkers represent a significant advance in AD diagnostics, offering non-invasive, cost-effective, and scalable solutions for early detection and therapeutic monitoring.
阿尔茨海默病（AD）是一种进行性神经退行性疾病，其特征为认知功能下降以及神经病理学特征，如β淀粉样蛋白（Aβ）斑块和磷酸化tau（p-Tau）缠结。基于血液的Aβ和p-Tau生物标志物已成为AD早期诊断、监测和风险分层的有前景的工具。本系统评价评估了目前关于Aβ和p-Tau血液生物标志物在AD诊断效用方面的证据。本系统评价遵循系统评价和Meta分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）指南。对PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science进行了全面的文献检索，以查找2011年至2024年发表的研究。本评价综合了33项同行评审研究的结果，以评估这些生物标志物的诊断和预后效用。结果表明，血液中Aβ和p-Tau水平与脑脊液（CSF）生物标志物以及AD病理学的神经影像学测量结果密切相关。在所分析的生物标志物中，p-Tau（包括p-Tau181和p-Tau217）始终表现出更高的诊断准确性，尤其是在区分AD与轻度认知障碍（MCI）和认知正常个体方面。Aβ和p-Tau生物标志物的联合使用进一步提高了诊断精度，支持了它们在AD病理学检测中的互补作用。尽管有这些有前景的发现，但研究之间存在显著异质性，这突出表明需要进行检测标准化、在不同人群中进行验证以及开展纵向研究以确立临床效用。本研究得出结论，基于血液的Aβ和p-Tau生物标志物代表了AD诊断领域的一项重大进展，为早期检测和治疗监测提供了非侵入性、经济高效且可扩展的解决方案。
