Yu Tsung, Wong Tzu-Jung, Yang Hsing-Yu
Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Department of Healthcare Information and Management, School of Health and Medical Engineering, Ming Chuan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
PLoS One. 2025 Apr 1;20(4):e0320451. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0320451. eCollection 2025.
Confounding is a major threat to causal inferences regarding alcohol and health. One proposed causal inference approach was to compare the associations obtained from cohorts in different countries, where we know the confounding structures are different. To explore the confounding structure related to alcohol and health in Taiwan, we compared differences in the characteristics of drinkers and non-drinkers, using data from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (2013-2016).
The cross-sectional survey data were collected nationwide and were representative of residents in Taiwan, which included 2,846 men and 2,833 women ages 19 years and older. We used information regarding alcohol drinking and covariates of sociodemographic and health behavior variables. We performed sex-stratified multinomial logistic regression to assess the associations between each independent variable and alcohol drinking (non-drinkers, occasional drinkers, and moderate drinkers).
Among men, 31% were non-drinkers, 7% former drinkers, 43% occasional drinkers, 13% moderate drinkers, and 5% heavy drinkers. Among women, 62% were non-drinkers, 1% former drinkers, 32% occasional drinkers, 4% moderate drinkers, and 1% heavy drinkers. In both men and women, occasional drinkers had higher educational levels and fewer family financial problems, but had more smoking and betel nut chewing behaviors than non-drinkers, after we adjusted for age. Moderate drinkers had even more smoking and betel nut chewing behaviors. Male moderate drinkers also reported more comorbidities than non-drinkers.
We observed that occasional drinkers had a better socioeconomic position than non-drinkers; moderate drinkers seemed to have a worse risk profile than non-drinkers. These confounding patterns were different from that in Western countries and may thereby help us make causal inferences regarding alcohol and health.
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