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Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Nature. 2025 May;641(8064):917-924. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08814-5. Epub 2025 Apr 2.
Anthropogenic biodiversity decline threatens the functioning of ecosystems and the many benefits they provide to humanity. As well as causing species losses in directly affected locations, human influence might also reduce biodiversity in relatively unmodified vegetation if far-reaching anthropogenic effects trigger local extinctions and hinder recolonization. Here we show that local plant diversity is globally negatively related to the level of anthropogenic activity in the surrounding region. Impoverishment of natural vegetation was evident only when we considered community completeness: the proportion of all suitable species in the region that are present at a site. To estimate community completeness, we compared the number of recorded species with the dark diversity-ecologically suitable species that are absent from a site but present in the surrounding region. In the sampled regions with a minimal human footprint index, an average of 35% of suitable plant species were present locally, compared with less than 20% in highly affected regions. Besides having the potential to uncover overlooked threats to biodiversity, dark diversity also provides guidance for nature conservation. Species in the dark diversity remain regionally present, and their local populations might be restored through measures that improve connectivity between natural vegetation fragments and reduce threats to population persistence.
人为导致的生物多样性下降威胁着生态系统的功能以及它们为人类提供的诸多益处。除了在直接受影响的地区造成物种损失外，如果深远的人为影响引发局部灭绝并阻碍重新定殖，那么人类影响还可能减少相对未受改变的植被中的生物多样性。我们在此表明，当地植物多样性在全球范围内与周边地区的人为活动水平呈负相关。只有当我们考虑群落完整性时，自然植被的 impoverishment 才明显：即该地区所有适宜物种中在某一地点出现的比例。为了估计群落完整性，我们将记录的物种数量与暗多样性（即生态适宜但在某一地点不存在却在周边地区存在的物种）进行了比较。在人类足迹指数最小的采样地区，平均有35%的适宜植物物种在当地存在，而在受影响严重的地区这一比例不到20%。除了有可能揭示对生物多样性被忽视的威胁外，暗多样性还为自然保护提供指导。暗多样性中的物种在区域内仍然存在，通过改善自然植被片段之间的连通性以及减少对种群持久性的威胁等措施，有可能恢复它们在当地的种群数量。 （注：这里“impoverishment”直译为“贫困化”，结合语境可能不太好理解，可根据上下文进一步优化表述，比如“减少、降低等”，但按照要求未做修改）
