Association Between Patient Race/Ethnicity, Health Literacy, Socio-Economic Status, and Incidence of Medication Errors: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION

Medication errors represent a significant source of healthcare-related harm, leading to mortality, morbidity, and substantial costs to health systems. Existing evidence highlights dissatisfaction and perceived discrimination experienced by patients from minority ethnic and disadvantaged backgrounds within healthcare settings.

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to systematically review the literature on associations between patient race/ethnicity, socio-economic status, health literacy, and the incidence or patient experience of medication errors in healthcare and community (home) settings.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted by searching an electronic database including EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. Studies published in English from January 2010 to October 2023, which explored the association between ethnicity, social disadvantage, and medication errors, were included.

RESULTS

Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria from an initial identification of 2075 titles. Findings indicated that minority ethnic patients were more susceptible to prescription errors, undertreatment, administration errors, and suboptimal medication monitoring and follow-up by healthcare providers. Patients with low health literacy and limited English proficiency were also significantly likely to experience comprehension errors and medication discrepancies. Furthermore, ethnicity and social disadvantages were also associated with an increased risk of overdosing in pediatric medication administration, particularly among parents using dosing cups.

CONCLUSION

Minority ethnic background, low socio-economic status, and low health literacy can risk a higher likelihood of patients experiencing medication errors. Increasing awareness of these disparities among healthcare staff is essential for developing targeted interventions to mitigate inequalities in patient experiences and care outcomes in relation to medication use and safety. Future research should investigate the importance of intersectionality, such as multiple social disadvantages in this context.