Strategic approaches to assess and quantify the oxidative stress biomarkers in complex biological systems.

Oxidative stress (OS) is an emerging research area in clinical and biological sciences due to its association with various diseases and physiological processes. OS occurs when there is an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize or repair the damage caused. Chronic oxidative stress is linked to diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Accurate monitoring of OS is crucial for diagnosing diseases, evaluating disease progression, and predicting clinical results. Despite challenges in measuring free radicals due to their short half-life and low concentrations, it can be indirectly assessed through biomarkers like lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and protein oxidation. The most effective analytical techniques for assessing OS biomarkers in various biological fluids were developed. Furthermore, an in-depth exploration of these various analytical methodologies, underscoring their sensitivity, specificity, and reliability in detecting low concentrations of biomarkers across complex matrices is necessary. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed and Reaxys to identify relevant studies on OS biomarkers. This review explores the evolution of these techniques, highlighting advancements in sample preparation procedures and the specifications of each technique, offering a thorough evaluation of biomarker analysis.