Harnessing killer yeast system: from molecular insight to real world biocontrol solution.

The biocontrol mechanisms of yeasts are gaining global attention as a vital response to the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance in emerging pathogens. With their diverse genetic traits, yeasts present potent antagonistic capabilities that have extensive applications across various sectors. This review examines the fundamental mechanisms and molecular bases of yeast antagonism, emphasizing innovative screening techniques for identifying effective strains. Key molecular methods, including gene identification, sequence analysis, and expression studies, reveal insights into their modes of action, such as nutrient competition, mycocin production, and volatile organic compound release. While the potential of antagonistic yeasts spans crop protection, food safety, and disease prevention, their commercial availability remains limited. To foster adoption, there is an urgent need for advanced screening methods and deeper molecular understanding. Future research should prioritize the optimization and commercialization of yeast-based biocontrol products, effectively bridging the gap between scientific discovery and practical application in combating harmful pathogens.