Levy S T
J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1985;33(2):353-78. doi: 10.1177/000306518503300204.
I have attempted to review the major psychoanalytic contributions to our understanding of empathy within the psychoanalytic situation. In doing so, I have discussed the relation between empathy and identification, reviewed aspects of the metapsychology of analytic comprehension, and have described the role of the analyst's evenly hovering attention in empathic responsiveness, as noted by several analytic investigators of empathy. The interrelations between empathy and countertransference have been described, and neutrality issues as they relate to empathy have been noted. Certain themes around the development of empathy have been grouped together and critically examined. The work of Kohut with regard to empathy has been discussed in relation to earlier psychoanalytic contributions of which it is an outgrowth and expansion. The changes in meaning and emphasis of empathic processes in Kohut's works have been described and critically reviewed. Empathy in its popular usage refers to the capacity of one person to communicatively partake, in a limited way, in the experience of another. In its differentiation from sympathy and pity, its noncritical or value-neutral character is emphasized. This description of empathy indicates its relevance to psychoanalytic technique, which shares many similar characteristics. Empathy is a general or superordinate term for many more specific aspects of the sensitive interpersonal interactions in the intimacy of relationships like the psychoanalytic one. Attempts to assign a particular psychoanalytic technical meaning to empathy or build clinical and developmental theory around empathy are limited by the multiple referents and generality of the concept. Empathy as a term has its place as descriptive of the analyst's emotional relatedness to the patient. It does not refer to any specific psychoanalytic technical intervention or theoretical construct; rather, it describes in a general way the sensitive, tactful, and experience-near way in which the analyst approaches the inner life of his patients.
我试图回顾精神分析在我们理解精神分析情境中的共情方面所做出的主要贡献。在此过程中，我讨论了共情与认同之间的关系，回顾了分析性理解的元心理学方面，并描述了分析师均匀悬浮注意在共情反应中的作用，正如几位共情分析研究者所指出的那样。描述了共情与反移情之间的相互关系，并指出了与共情相关的中立性问题。围绕共情发展的某些主题已被归为一组并进行批判性审视。科胡特关于共情的工作已结合其作为早期精神分析贡献的产物和扩展进行了讨论。描述并批判性回顾了科胡特著作中共情过程在意义和重点上的变化。共情在通俗用法中是指一个人以有限的方式通过交流参与他人体验的能力。在将其与同情和怜悯区分开来时，强调了其非批判性或价值中立的特征。这种对共情的描述表明了它与精神分析技术的相关性，后者具有许多相似特征。共情是一个通用或上位术语，涵盖了像精神分析关系这样亲密关系中敏感人际互动的许多更具体方面。试图为共情赋予特定的精神分析技术意义或围绕共情构建临床和发展理论受到该概念的多重指涉和普遍性的限制。共情作为一个术语在描述分析师与患者的情感关联方面有其作用。它并不指任何特定的精神分析技术干预或理论构建；相反，它以一种宽泛的方式描述了分析师接近其患者内心生活的敏感、机智且贴近体验的方式。
