Verma Vaishali, Sinha Nimisha, Raja Abhavya
Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Bennett University, Greater Noida, India.
Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
MAbs. 2025 Dec;17(1):2486390. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2025.2486390. Epub 2025 Apr 9.
Viral infections remain a significant global health threat, with emerging and reemerging viruses causing epidemics and pandemics. Despite advancements in antiviral therapies, the development of effective treatments is often hindered by challenges, such as viral resistance and the emergence of new strains. In this context, the development of novel therapeutic modalities is essential to combat notorious viruses. While traditional monoclonal antibodies are widely used for the treatment of several diseases, nanobodies derived from heavy chain-only antibodies have emerged as promising "nanoscale warriors" against viral infections. Nanobodies possess unique structural properties that enhance their ability to recognize diverse epitopes. Their small size also imparts properties, such as improved bioavailability, solubility, stability, and proteolytic resistance, making them an ideal class of therapeutics for viral infections. In this review, we discuss the role of nanobodies as antivirals against various viruses. Techniques used for developing nanobodies, delivery strategies are covered, and the challenges and opportunities associated with their use as antiviral therapies are discussed. We also offer insights into the future of nanobody-based antiviral research to support the development of new strategies for managing viral infections.
病毒感染仍然是全球重大的健康威胁，新出现和再次出现的病毒引发了流行病和大流行。尽管抗病毒疗法取得了进展，但有效治疗方法的开发常常受到病毒耐药性和新毒株出现等挑战的阻碍。在这种背景下，开发新型治疗方法对于对抗臭名昭著的病毒至关重要。虽然传统单克隆抗体被广泛用于治疗多种疾病，但源自仅重链抗体的纳米抗体已成为对抗病毒感染的有前景的“纳米级战士”。纳米抗体具有独特的结构特性，增强了它们识别多种表位的能力。它们的小尺寸还赋予了诸如提高生物利用度、溶解性、稳定性和抗蛋白水解性等特性，使其成为病毒感染治疗的理想药物类别。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了纳米抗体作为抗病毒药物对抗各种病毒的作用。涵盖了用于开发纳米抗体的技术、递送策略，并讨论了将其用作抗病毒疗法相关的挑战和机遇。我们还对基于纳米抗体的抗病毒研究的未来提供了见解，以支持开发管理病毒感染的新策略。
