Lameris Thomas K, Boom Michiel P, Nuijten Rascha J M, Buitendijk Nelleke H, Eichhorn Götz, Ens Bruno J, Exo Klaus-Michael, Glazov Petr M, Hanssen Sveinn Are, Hunke Philip, van der Jeugd Henk P, de Jong Margje E, Kölzsch Andrea, Kondratyev Alexander, Kruckenberg Helmut, Kulikova Olga, Linssen Hans, Loonen Maarten J J E, Loshchagina Julia A, Madsen Jesper, Moe Børge, Moonen Sander, Müskens Gerhard J D M, Nolet Bart A, Pokrovsky Ivan, Reneerkens Jeroen, Scheiber Isabella B R, Schekkerman Hans, Schreven Kees H T, Tal Tohar, Tulp Ingrid, Verhoeven Mo A, Versluijs Tom S L, Volkov Sergey, Wikelski Martin, van Bemmelen Rob S A
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, the Netherlands.
Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
Glob Chang Biol. 2025 Apr;31(4):e70158. doi: 10.1111/gcb.70158.
In the current warming climate, many organisms in seasonal environments advance their timing of reproduction to benefit from resource peaks earlier in spring. For migrants, the potential to advance reproduction may be constrained by their migration strategies, notably their ability to advance arrival at the breeding grounds. Recent studies show various changes in migration strategies, including wintering closer to the breeding grounds, earlier departure from the wintering grounds or faster travels by spending less time at stopover sites. However, whether such changes lead to earlier arrival or earlier breeding remains an open question. We studied changes in migration and reproduction timing in 12 populations of nine migratory birds, including seabirds, shorebirds, birds of prey and waterfowl breeding at Arctic sites bordering the Greenland and Barents Sea, a region undergoing rapid climate warming. The timing of migration and reproduction was derived from tracking and field data and analysed to study (1) how timing has changed in response to the changing moment of snowmelt at the breeding grounds and (2) what adjustments in migration strategies this involved. We found that in years with early snowmelt, egg-laying in multiple populations advanced, but only two waterfowl populations also advanced arrival in the Arctic. In contrast, arrival in the Arctic generally advanced with time, even when snowmelt or egg-laying dates did not advance. Earlier arrival with time was mostly explained by populations traveling to the Arctic faster, likely spending less time at stopover sites. Inability to forecast conditions in the Arctic may limit birds to adjust migration timing to annually varying snowmelt, but we show that several species, particularly waterfowl, are able to travel faster and advance the timing of migration over the years. The question remains whether this reflects adaptations to Arctic climate change or other factors, for example, environmental changes along the migratory route.
在当前气候变暖的情况下，季节性环境中的许多生物会提前繁殖时间，以便在春季更早地受益于资源高峰。对于候鸟来说，提前繁殖的潜力可能会受到其迁徙策略的限制，尤其是它们提前到达繁殖地的能力。最近的研究表明，迁徙策略发生了各种变化，包括在更靠近繁殖地的地方越冬、更早离开越冬地或通过在中途停留地花费更少的时间来加快行程。然而，这些变化是否会导致更早到达或更早繁殖仍是一个悬而未决的问题。我们研究了9种候鸟的12个种群的迁徙和繁殖时间变化，这些候鸟包括海鸟、滨鸟、猛禽和水禽，它们在与格陵兰岛和巴伦支海接壤的北极地区繁殖，该地区正在经历快速的气候变暖。迁徙和繁殖时间来自追踪和实地数据，并进行分析以研究：（1）时间如何随着繁殖地融雪时间的变化而变化；（2）这涉及到迁徙策略的哪些调整。我们发现，在融雪较早的年份，多个种群的产卵时间提前了，但只有两个水禽种群也提前到达了北极。相比之下，即使融雪或产卵日期没有提前，到达北极的时间总体上也随着时间提前了。随着时间推移更早到达主要是因为种群前往北极的速度更快，可能在中途停留地花费的时间更少。无法预测北极的情况可能会限制鸟类根据每年不同的融雪情况调整迁徙时间，但我们表明，一些物种，特别是水禽，能够随着时间的推移更快地飞行并提前迁徙时间。问题仍然是，这是否反映了对北极气候变化的适应或其他因素，例如，迁徙路线沿线的环境变化。
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