Laor Pussadee, Limpanont Yanin, Phuanukoonnon Suparat, Kho Younglim, Choi Kyungho, Kliengchuay Wissanupong, Park Subeen, Tantrakarnapa Kraichat
Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13135, South Korea.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2025 Apr 15;295:118172. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118172. Epub 2025 Apr 10.
Parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in foods, personal care, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. The metabolization of parabens in the human body is excreted via urine in free plus conjugated forms. Currently, the prevalent use of parabens has increased alarms about health risks linked with endocrine disrupting effects. A cross-sectional study was used to gather information from participants in Chiang Rai province. The purposes of the study are to investigate paraben concentrations in urine, to analyze the correlation of urinary parabens, and to assess health risks among children in pre-schools and primary schools. Overall, 140 first morning void urine samples were collected and measured by LC-MS/MS to determine methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), and propyl paraben (PrP). The detection rate and geometric mean without adjusting and adjusting urine specific gravity of MeP, EtP, and PrP in overall samples were (100.00 %; 27.94 µg/L; 30.14 µg/L), (46.43 %; 0.77 µg/L; 0.83 µg/L), and (97.86 %; 2.80 µg/L; 3.02 µg/L), respectively. Almost three urinary paraben concentrations in pre-schools were higher than in primary schools. The highest significant positive correlation of parabens (p < 0.01) was MeP and PrP both in pre-schools and primary schools. The geometric mean of estimated daily intake (EDI ) for MeP, EtP, and PrP were 6.27, 0.22, and 1.09 µg/kg-bw/day, respectively. The estimated daily intake and health risks indicated PrP led to potential human health risks at 5.70 % of overall samples. Additionally, Thai children are widely exposed to parabens and relatively higher PrP and MeP exposure than the concentration reported in several countries. This is the first study assessing urinary parabens in Thailand. The finding demonstrates that children's exposure to parabens in the study areas would impact their health, so there should be confirmation for further management.
对羟基苯甲酸酯作为抗菌防腐剂广泛应用于食品、个人护理产品、化妆品和药品中。对羟基苯甲酸酯在人体内的代谢产物以游离态和结合态通过尿液排出。目前，对羟基苯甲酸酯的广泛使用引发了人们对其与内分泌干扰效应相关健康风险的担忧。一项横断面研究旨在收集清莱府参与者的信息。该研究的目的是调查尿液中对羟基苯甲酸酯的浓度，分析尿液中对羟基苯甲酸酯的相关性，并评估学龄前和小学儿童的健康风险。总体而言，共收集了140份晨尿样本，并通过液相色谱 - 串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）测定其中的甲基对羟基苯甲酸酯（MeP）、乙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（EtP）和丙基对羟基苯甲酸酯（PrP）。总体样本中，未校正和校正尿比重的MeP、EtP和PrP的检出率及几何平均值分别为（100.00%；27.94μg/L；30.14μg/L）、（46.43%；0.77μg/L；0.83μg/L）和（97.86%；2.80μg/L；3.02μg/L）。学龄前儿童尿液中几乎三种对羟基苯甲酸酯的浓度均高于小学生。学龄前和小学中，对羟基苯甲酸酯之间最高的显著正相关（p<0.01）存在于MeP和PrP之间。MeP、EtP和PrP的估计每日摄入量（EDI）几何平均值分别为6.27、0.22和1.09μg/kg体重/天。估计每日摄入量和健康风险表明，PrP在总体样本的5.70%中导致了潜在的人类健康风险。此外，泰国儿童广泛接触对羟基苯甲酸酯，且PrP和MeP的暴露量相对高于其他几个国家报告的浓度。这是泰国第一项评估尿液中对羟基苯甲酸酯的研究。研究结果表明，研究区域内儿童接触对羟基苯甲酸酯会对其健康产生影响，因此需要进一步确认以便进行管理。
