Khan Adil, Hasana Uswa, Nadeem Iman Anum, Khatri Swara Punit, Nawaz Shayan, Makhdoom Qurat Ulain, Wazir Shahab, Patel Kirtan, Ghaly Mohamd
Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera, Pakistan.
Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.
J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2025 Apr 11;37(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s43046-025-00277-z.
With the third incident rate and a second mortality rate, colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be one of the most prevalent and deadly malignancies worldwide. Adenomas usually develop into adenocarcinomas in colorectal cancer (CRC), a process that can be halted by early detection and prevention care.
Faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) and endoscopies are examples of current screening tools that dramatically lower the incidence and death of colorectal cancer. Current development centre on non-invasive methods that provide better accuracy and lower dangers, such as blood-based liquid biopsies and imaging modalities like CT and MR colonography. For early detection, liquid biopsies-especially those using methylated DNA tests like SEPT9-offer encouraging outcomes. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a crucial biomarker, increasing early identification and therapy monitoring. Proteomic and metabolic indicators further improve screening by figuring out who is at high risk and keeping an eye out for recurrence. The accuracy and detection rates of polyps have increased due to advancements in imaging technologies like as artificial intelligence (AI), narrow-band imaging (NBI), and high-definition colonoscopy. The emphasis has been on preventive measures, such as chemoprevention and lifestyle modifications, dietary fibre, regular exercise, and chemoprotective drugs like aspirin have demonstrated potential in lowering the incidence of colorectal cancer. There are still issues with the global implementation of screening, including differences in access to screening between socioeconomic and racial groups. Hope for more individualized and efficient CRC screening and prevention are provided by new research on biomarkers and technological advancements like artificial intelligence and polygenic risk classification.
With a variety of invasive and non-invasive techniques available to identify cancer early. With a variety of invasive and non-invasive techniques available to identify cancer early. To enhance prognosis and lower mortality, colorectal cancer screening has undergone tremendous advancement. Although colonoscopy and faecal immunochemical assays (FIT) are still good standards for detecting colorectal cancer (CRC), advances in liquid biopsy, proteomics, and imaging have transformed the field and offered less invasive, more precise choices, for early identification and surveillance, circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) and other biomarkers show tremendous potential.
结直肠癌（CRC）的发病率位居第三，死亡率位居第二，仍然是全球最常见、最致命的恶性肿瘤之一。腺瘤通常会发展成结直肠癌中的腺癌，而这一过程可通过早期检测和预防护理来阻断。
粪便免疫化学检测（FIT）和内镜检查是目前的筛查工具，它们能显著降低结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率。当前的发展集中在非侵入性方法上，这些方法具有更高的准确性和更低的风险，如基于血液的液体活检以及CT和磁共振结肠成像等成像方式。对于早期检测，液体活检——尤其是那些使用如SEPT9甲基化DNA检测的方法——提供了令人鼓舞的结果。循环肿瘤DNA（ctDNA）已成为一种关键的生物标志物，可提高早期识别和治疗监测水平。蛋白质组学和代谢指标通过确定高危人群并监测复发情况，进一步改善了筛查效果。由于人工智能（AI）、窄带成像（NBI）和高清结肠镜检查等成像技术的进步，息肉的检测准确性和检出率有所提高。重点一直放在预防措施上，如化学预防和生活方式改变，膳食纤维、定期锻炼以及阿司匹林等化学保护药物已显示出降低结直肠癌发病率的潜力。全球范围内的筛查实施仍存在问题，包括社会经济和种族群体在筛查机会上的差异。生物标志物的新研究以及人工智能和多基因风险分类等技术进步为更个性化、更有效的结直肠癌筛查和预防带来了希望。
有多种侵入性和非侵入性技术可用于早期识别癌症。为了改善预后并降低死亡率，结直肠癌筛查取得了巨大进展。虽然结肠镜检查和粪便免疫化学检测（FIT）仍然是检测结直肠癌（CRC）的良好标准，但液体活检、蛋白质组学和成像技术的进步已经改变了这一领域，并提供了侵入性更小、更精确的选择，用于早期识别和监测，循环肿瘤DNA（ctDNA）和其他生物标志物显示出巨大潜力。
