Sá Filho Alberto Souza, Albernaz-Silva Thiago, Inacio Pedro Augusto, Aprigliano Vicente, Oliveira-Silva Iransé, Chiappa Gaspar R, Vieira Rodolfo P, de Aguiar Antônio Sérgio Nakao, Cunha Raphael Martins, Fajemiroye James Oluwagbamigbe, Sales Marcelo Magalhães
Department of Human Movement and Rehabilitation (PPGMHR) and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology and Therapeutics (PPGCFFT), Graduate Program at the Evangelical University of Goiás (UniEVANGÉLICA), Anápolis 75083-515, GO, Brazil.
Escuela de Ingeniería de Construcción y Transporte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avda Brasil 2147, Valparaíso 2362804, Chile.
Nutrients. 2025 Apr 3;17(7):1261. doi: 10.3390/nu17071261.
Caffeine (CAF) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are ergogenic strategies with potential benefits for performance, yet their combined effects remain underexplored, particularly in high-intensity functional training contexts such as CrossFit. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study aimed to investigate the impact of tDCS, with and without CAF, on performance time in the Clean & Jerk (C&J) during the benchmark WOD GRACE among competitive CrossFit athletes. Secondarily, we aimed to compare the RPE across the different experimental conditions, as well as to establish the relationship between personal record (PR) values adjusted for body mass and the execution time of the WOD GRACE, considering different athletes' classification levels (RX Elite and RX Intermediate).
Twenty participants completed four experimental conditions: CAF ingestion (400 mg) combined with anodal tDCS (CAF + a-tDCS), CAF with Sham tDCS (CAF + Sham-tDCS), placebo (PLA) with a-tDCS (PLA + a-tDCS), and PLA with Sham tDCS (PLA + Sham-tDCS).
The results indicated that the combination of CAF + a-tDCS significantly improved performance, reducing execution time (205.5 ± 58.0 s) compared to CAF + Sham-tDCS (218.3 ± 61.2 s; = 0.034), PLA + a-tDCS (231.7 ± 64.1 s; = 0.012), and PLA + Sham-tDCS (240.9 ± 66.4 s; = 0.002). However, no significant differences were observed between CAF + Sham-tDCS and PLA + a-tDCS ( = 0.690), CAF + Sham-tDCS and PLA + Sham-tDCS ( = 0.352), or PLA + a-tDCS and PLA + Sham-tDCS ( = 0.595).
The responder analysis revealed that 45% of participants improved performance with isolated tDCS, while 60% responded positively to CAF. No significant differences were found in RPE scores among conditions ( = 0.145). Additionally, no correlations were identified between PR values adjusted for body mass and execution time in both RX Elite (r = 0.265; = 0.526) and RX Intermediate (r = 0.049; = 0.901) groups, nor between training experience and performance across interventions. These findings suggest that tDCS, when combined with CAF, may serve as an effective ergogenic aid for improving performance in high-intensity functional training, whereas its isolated use does not yield meaningful benefits.
咖啡因（CAF）和经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）是对运动表现有潜在益处的促力策略，然而它们的联合效果仍未得到充分探索，尤其是在如CrossFit这样的高强度功能性训练环境中。这项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的交叉研究旨在调查有或没有CAF时，tDCS对竞技CrossFit运动员在基准WOD GRACE的挺举（C&J）项目中的表现时间的影响。其次，我们旨在比较不同实验条件下的主观用力程度（RPE），并考虑不同运动员的分类水平（RX精英组和RX中级组），确定调整体重后的个人记录（PR）值与WOD GRACE执行时间之间的关系。
20名参与者完成了四种实验条件：摄入CAF（400毫克）并结合阳极tDCS（CAF + a - tDCS）、CAF结合假tDCS（CAF + Sham - tDCS）、安慰剂（PLA）结合a - tDCS（PLA + a - tDCS）以及PLA结合假tDCS（PLA + Sham - tDCS）。
结果表明，与CAF + Sham - tDCS（218.3 ± 61.2秒；P = 0.034）、PLA + a - tDCS（231.7 ± 64.1秒；P = 0.012）和PLA + Sham - tDCS（240.9 ± 66.4秒；P = 0.002）相比，CAF + a - tDCS的组合显著提高了表现，减少了执行时间（205.5 ± 58.0秒）。然而，在CAF + Sham - tDCS与PLA + a - tDCS（P = 0.690）、CAF + Sham - tDCS与PLA + Sham - tDCS（P = 0.352）或PLA + a - tDCS与PLA + Sham - tDCS（P = 0.595）之间未观察到显著差异。
反应者分析显示，45%的参与者通过单独的tDCS提高了表现，而60%对CAF有积极反应。各条件下的RPE评分无显著差异（P = 0.145）。此外，在RX精英组（r = 0.265；P = 0.526）和RX中级组（r = 0.049；P = 0.901）中，调整体重后的PR值与执行时间之间均未发现相关性，不同干预措施下的训练经验与表现之间也未发现相关性。这些发现表明，tDCS与CAF联合使用时，可能是提高高强度功能性训练表现的有效促力辅助手段，而单独使用tDCS则不会产生有意义的益处。
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