Bader Miriam, Lehmann Maren, Meyer Michael
FILK Freiberg Institute gGmbH, Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
Polymers (Basel). 2025 Mar 21;17(7):841. doi: 10.3390/polym17070841.
Polyurethane (PUR)-based artificial leathers are often used as interior materials in public area, making flame retardants (FRs) necessary. The mode of action of different FRs varies depending on the chemical class and the structure of the supplied material. Usually, FRs are designed for bulk materials like foams, e.g., for upholstery, the main application of PUR. However, in thin materials, FRs act differently, thus leaving the PUR without sufficient flame resistance. In this study, PUR films and artificial leathers were equipped with twelve commercially available, halogen-free FRs in various concentrations and combinations. Fire resistance was tested with LOI measurements, cone calorimetry, horizontal burning behavior, and thermogravimetric analyses. An organophosphorus FR proved to be the most suited for flame-resistant artificial leather. The LOI was increased from 20 to 24.2%, the peak heat release rate was reduced by about 30%, and the sample was self-extinguishing in horizontal burning behavior. Phosphinates and aluminum trihydroxide were the least efficient FRs. Combinations of bentonite with phosphorus-based FRs showed synergistic effects in reducing the probability of igniting the material. The results demonstrate that sufficient flame retardancy for PUR-based thin materials can be achieved with commercially available halogen-free FRs, paving the way for more sustainable and greener materials by substituting ecologically harmful and health-damaging FRs.
基于聚氨酯（PUR）的人造皮革常用于公共场所的内饰材料，因此需要使用阻燃剂（FRs）。不同阻燃剂的作用方式因化学类别和所供应材料的结构而异。通常，阻燃剂是为泡沫等块状材料设计的，例如用于家具装饰，这是PUR的主要应用领域。然而，在薄材料中，阻燃剂的作用方式不同，从而使PUR的阻燃性不足。在本研究中，PUR薄膜和人造皮革配备了十二种市售的不同浓度和组合的无卤阻燃剂。通过极限氧指数（LOI）测量、锥形量热法、水平燃烧行为和热重分析测试了阻燃性能。一种有机磷阻燃剂被证明最适合用于阻燃人造皮革。极限氧指数从20%提高到24.2%，热释放速率峰值降低了约30%，并且样品在水平燃烧行为中能自行熄灭。次膦酸盐和氢氧化铝是效率最低的阻燃剂。膨润土与磷基阻燃剂的组合在降低材料着火概率方面显示出协同效应。结果表明，使用市售无卤阻燃剂可以实现基于PUR的薄材料的充分阻燃性，通过替代对生态有害和对健康有损害的阻燃剂，为更可持续和更环保的材料铺平了道路。
