Kautz-Turnbull Carson, Rockhold Madeline, Speybroeck Emily, Myers Julianne, Li Zhi, Petrenko Christie L M
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14608, USA.
Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14608, USA.
Res Dev Disabil. 2025 Jul;162:105011. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2025.105011. Epub 2025 Apr 12.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) represent highly prevalent neurodevelopmental and physical differences associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. People with FASD have difficulty with emotion regulation and are often living with non-biological parents. Caregiver emotion socialization practices have been robustly associated with child emotion regulation development in other populations. Yet no research to date has examined the impact of caregiver factors such as age, relationship to child, and trauma on emotion socialization practices in children with FASD. This research is especially important in non-biological parents given complex parenting challenges they may face.
Eighty-seven children with FASD aged 4-12 and their primary caregivers (all non-biological parents) completed interview, observation, and caregiver-report measures of emotion socialization, caregiver emotion experience, and child emotion regulation and behavior. Emotion socialization included emotion coaching (approaching and encouraging emotion) and emotion dismissing (minimizing and discouraging emotion). Correlational and path analyses were used to understand relationships among caregiver factors and study variables.
Correlations indicated greater emotion coaching was associated with greater emotion dismissing (p = .009). Older caregivers reported less emotion coaching (p < .001), while caregivers with greater adverse childhood experiences reported greater frequency of child disruptive behavior (p = .01).
Emotion coaching was associated was positively associated with emotion dismissing, suggesting caregivers use a combination of both. Results suggest age and childhood trauma may be important factors in caregiver emotion socialization practices, while caregiver type was less important in this sample. This emphasizes the challenges faced by non-biological parents of children with FASD.
胎儿酒精谱系障碍（FASD）代表了与产前酒精暴露相关的高度普遍的神经发育和身体差异。患有FASD的人在情绪调节方面存在困难，并且通常与非亲生父母生活在一起。在其他人群中，照顾者的情绪社会化实践与儿童情绪调节发展密切相关。然而，迄今为止，尚无研究探讨照顾者因素，如年龄、与孩子的关系以及创伤对FASD儿童情绪社会化实践的影响。鉴于非亲生父母可能面临的复杂育儿挑战，这项研究尤为重要。
87名4至12岁的FASD儿童及其主要照顾者（均为非亲生父母）完成了关于情绪社会化、照顾者情绪体验以及儿童情绪调节和行为的访谈、观察和照顾者报告测量。情绪社会化包括情绪辅导（接近和鼓励情绪）和情绪忽视（最小化和抑制情绪）。采用相关分析和路径分析来理解照顾者因素与研究变量之间的关系。
相关性分析表明，更多的情绪辅导与更多的情绪忽视相关（p = 0.009）。年龄较大的照顾者报告的情绪辅导较少（p < 0.001），而童年不良经历较多的照顾者报告儿童破坏性行为的频率较高（p = 0.01）。
情绪辅导与情绪忽视呈正相关，表明照顾者同时使用了这两种方式。结果表明，年龄和童年创伤可能是照顾者情绪社会化实践中的重要因素，而在本样本中照顾者类型的影响较小。这凸显了FASD儿童的非亲生父母所面临的挑战。
