Crabtree Andy, McGarry Glenn, Urquhart Lachlan
School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Edinburgh Law School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
AI Soc. 2025;40(3):1425-1438. doi: 10.1007/s00146-024-02021-y. Epub 2024 Jul 25.
The risks AI presents to society are broadly understood to be manageable through 'general calculus', i.e., general frameworks designed to enable those involved in the development of AI to apprehend and manage risk, such as AI impact assessments, ethical frameworks, emerging international standards, and regulations. This paper elaborates how risk is apprehended and managed by a regulator, developer and cyber-security expert. It reveals that risk and risk management is dependent on mundane situated practices not encapsulated in general calculus. Situated practice surfaces 'iterable epistopics', revealing how those involved in the development of AI know and subsequently respond to risk and uncover major challenges in their work. The ongoing discovery and elaboration of epistopics of risk in AI (a) furnishes a potential program of interdisciplinary inquiry, (b) provides AI developers with a means of apprehending risk, and (c) informs the ongoing evolution of general calculus.
人们普遍认为，人工智能给社会带来的风险可以通过“通用计算方法”来管理，即旨在使参与人工智能开发的人员能够认识和管理风险的通用框架，如人工智能影响评估、伦理框架、新兴的国际标准和法规。本文阐述了监管者、开发者和网络安全专家如何认识和管理风险。它揭示了风险和风险管理依赖于未被通用计算方法涵盖的日常实践。日常实践揭示了“可重复的认知主题”，揭示了参与人工智能开发的人员如何认识并随后应对风险，以及发现他们工作中的重大挑战。对人工智能风险认知主题的不断发现和阐述（a）提供了一个潜在的跨学科研究计划，（b）为人工智能开发者提供了一种认识风险的方法，（c）为通用计算方法的不断发展提供了信息。
