Řídký Jaroslav, Doležalová Kristina, Pilař Daniel, Çaylı Pınar, Demirtaş Işıl, Gülçur Sevil
Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
Institute of Classical Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
PLoS One. 2025 Apr 14;20(4):e0319698. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0319698. eCollection 2025.
The main focus of this work is an assemblage of nearly two thousand macrolithic artifacts, weighing more than half a metric ton, retrieved from an excavated area measuring 3,600 m2 of the Middle Chalcolithic site of Güvercinkayası, which dates from the end of the 6th and first half of the 5th millennium cal BCE. The site is ideal for testing different analytical approaches due to the extent of the excavated area, the good preservation of structures and finds, the site layout and the fact that the site is divided into two parts by a fortification wall. Macrolithic artifacts were divided into ten classes according to the method of manufacture, raw materials, shapes and dimensions, and their functional use. Several examples were chosen for use-wear analysis of the active surfaces. The Middle Chalcolithic period in Central Anatolia represents the end of previous Neolithic traditions in architecture and ways of life. Therefore, the main objective of our work is to present the assemblage from this period, and further to test the information potential of these artifacts for studying the activities and social structure of settlements. The shape spectrum of the assemblage largely corresponds to the Neolithic period. It differs mainly in the proportion of some shapes and functional types present. In addition, certain artifacts appear to indicate the existence of some form of counting system or board game. Based on the results of the study of macrolithic artifacts and their statistical and spatial analysis, it is clear that the composition of artifacts and access to raw materials was similar in different parts of the settlement. The inhabitants of the Middle Chalcolithic site created a settlement with a regular layout, which at a certain time was divided into two parts. However, the results of our analyses do not demonstrate any significant patterns that would testify to vertical social stratification of the society living within this settlement.
这项工作的主要重点是一批从于公元前6000年末至5000年上半年的中铜石并用时代居韦尔琴卡亚遗址发掘出的近两千件巨石制品，其重量超过半公吨。该遗址的发掘面积达3600平方米，结构和出土文物保存完好，遗址布局清晰，且被一道防御墙分为两部分，因此非常适合测试不同的分析方法。巨石制品根据制造方法、原材料、形状和尺寸以及功能用途分为十类。选取了几个例子对其使用面进行磨损分析。安纳托利亚中部的中铜石并用时代代表了此前新石器时代建筑和生活方式传统的终结。因此，我们工作的主要目标是展示这一时期的这批制品，并进一步测试这些制品在研究聚落活动和社会结构方面的信息潜力。这批制品的形状谱在很大程度上与新石器时代相符，主要区别在于某些形状和功能类型的比例。此外，某些制品似乎表明存在某种形式的计数系统或棋盘游戏。基于对巨石制品的研究结果及其统计和空间分析，很明显，聚落不同区域的制品构成和获取原材料的情况相似。中铜石并用时代遗址的居民创建了一个布局规整的聚落，该聚落在某个时期被分为两部分。然而，我们的分析结果并未显示出任何能证明居住在这个聚落中的社会存在垂直社会分层的显著模式。
