Alaridhee Zaman Abdalhussein Ibadi, Alqaraguly Mohammed B, Formanova Shoira, Kuryazov Rustamkhon, Mahdi Morug Salih, Taher Waam Mohammed, Alwan Mariem, Jabir Majid S, Zankanah Faeza H, Majdi Hasan, Jawad Mahmod Jasem, Hamad Atheer Khdyair, Bozorov Khurshed
Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, University of Alkafeel, Najaf, Iraq.
Medical Laboratories Techniques, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq.
Mikrochim Acta. 2025 Apr 14;192(5):297. doi: 10.1007/s00604-025-07135-8.
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) techniques seamlessly combine electrochemical and spectroscopic principles, offering a powerful platform for the detection of biomarkers and biological molecules in clinical and biomedical settings. This review provides a comprehensive overview of microfluidic PEC probes, emphasizing their potential for ultrasensitive detection through enhanced light absorption and charge transfer processes. Key advantages of microfluidic PEC include real-time monitoring of biological processes, non-invasive detection, and the possibility of multiplexing when integrated with various quantification modalities. However, the practical implementation of PEC faces challenges such as bulky setup, matrix interference, and stability of PEC-active materials. Also, this paper discusses the intricate mechanisms of PEC sensing, highlighting the roles of nanomaterials in enhancing microfluidic PEC systems. Additionally, the limitations inherent in PEC material selection, including stability and bandgap engineering, are critically discussed. Solutions such as doping and the development of composite materials are proposed to address these issues. Through presented examples of PEC applications in biomedical fields, this review elucidates the future potential of PEC-based methods as reliable and effective tools for diagnostic applications. Additionally, this review proposes the most effective probes for future investigations to develop commercial devices.
光电化学（PEC）技术无缝融合了电化学和光谱学原理，为临床和生物医学环境中生物标志物和生物分子的检测提供了一个强大的平台。本综述全面概述了微流控PEC探针，强调了它们通过增强光吸收和电荷转移过程实现超灵敏检测的潜力。微流控PEC的关键优势包括生物过程的实时监测、非侵入性检测以及与各种定量方法集成时的多重检测可能性。然而，PEC的实际应用面临着诸如设备庞大、基质干扰和PEC活性材料稳定性等挑战。此外，本文讨论了PEC传感的复杂机制，突出了纳米材料在增强微流控PEC系统中的作用。此外，还批判性地讨论了PEC材料选择中固有的局限性，包括稳定性和带隙工程。提出了诸如掺杂和复合材料开发等解决方案来解决这些问题。通过展示PEC在生物医学领域的应用实例，本综述阐明了基于PEC的方法作为诊断应用中可靠且有效工具的未来潜力。此外，本综述还提出了未来开发商业设备最有效的探针以供研究。
