Yan Ran, Portengen Christel M, Chaku Natasha, Beltz Adriene M
Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
J Youth Adolesc. 2025 Apr 15. doi: 10.1007/s10964-025-02184-x.
Gender expression is important for mental health, with masculinity and femininity having differential significance for unique adolescents. Yet, most empirical work on gender expression assumes it is trait-like or similarly shifting across teens. This intensive longitudinal study examined state-like aspects of gender expression and heterogeneity in adolescent-specific associations with depressive symptoms over 100 days. Participants were 106 adolescents, including 5 gender-expansive youth (54.7% cisgirls, 74.5% White; M = 13.31, SD = 1.94). A sample-average link between daily masculinity and reduced symptoms was found for cisboys. Adolescent-specific results qualified this effect: Only ~25% evidenced an association between daily gender-congruent expression-masculinity for cisboys and femininity for cisgirls-and daily reduced symptoms. Using 9000+ daily reports, findings highlight the dynamic nature of gender expression and the need to use a person-specific approach in understanding the heterogenous psychological correlates of masculinity and femininity for today's youth.
性别表达对心理健康很重要,阳刚之气和阴柔之美对不同的青少年具有不同的意义。然而,大多数关于性别表达的实证研究都认为它类似特质,或者在青少年中以类似的方式变化。这项深入的纵向研究在100多天的时间里,考察了性别表达的类似状态的方面以及与抑郁症状的特定青少年关联中的异质性。参与者为106名青少年,包括5名性别认同拓展青年(54.7%为顺性别女孩,74.5%为白人;平均年龄M = 13.31岁,标准差SD = 1.94)。研究发现,顺性别男孩的日常阳刚之气与症状减轻之间存在样本平均关联。特定青少年的结果使这一效应具有条件性:只有约25%的人表明,顺性别男孩日常符合性别规范的表达(阳刚之气)和顺性别女孩的阴柔之美与日常症状减轻之间存在关联。通过9000多份每日报告,研究结果凸显了性别表达的动态本质,以及在理解当今青少年阳刚之气和阴柔之美与心理的异质关联时采用因人而异方法的必要性。