Role of miRNAs in Bovine Oocyte Maturation and Reproductive Regulation.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous small non-coding RNAs that regulate target gene expression in many eukaryotes. MiRNAs are essential for post-transcriptional regulation, influencing various biological functions, including oocyte growth and maturation, fertilization, early embryo development, and implantation. In recent decades, numerous studies have identified a substantial number of miRNAs associated with mammalian oocyte maturation and early embryo development, utilizing methods such as small RNA sequencing and modulating miRNA expression through overexpression or inhibition. In this review, we introduce the biosynthesis of miRNAs and their regulatory roles in germ cells, summarizing the expression patterns and post-transcriptional regulation of miRNAs during oocyte maturation and early embryo development, as well as their potential application in assisted reproductive technology (ART).