Ritorto Giovanna, Ussia Sara, Mollace Rocco, Serra Maria, Tavernese Annamaria, Palma Ernesto, Muscoli Carolina, Mollace Vincenzo, Macrì Roberta
Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health IRC-FSH, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
Department of Experimental Medicine, University "Tor Vergata" of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Mar 27;26(7):3090. doi: 10.3390/ijms26073090.
The isolation, structural elucidation, and synthesis of pure thiamin were achieved in 1936, marking a milestone in vitamin research. As an organic compound soluble in water, thiamin is essential for carbohydrate metabolism in plants and animals, and in its active form-as part of the thiamin pyrophosphate coenzyme-performs these functions. Thereby, thiamin represents an essential vitamin to human health and is involved in several pathways that regulate several pathophysiological mechanisms. Cardiovascular disease is significantly impacted by thiamine imbalance and its supplementation offers substantial improvements to the associated conditions. In this comprehensive review, we aimed to examine the dual role of thiamine deficiency and accumulation, focusing on an analysis of the causes of thiamine deficiency. We detailed the effects of thiamine deficiency on metabolism and on cardiovascular risk and heart failure, explaining the molecular mechanisms involved in metabolic dysfunction, and highlighting the role of B1 vitamin supplementation in diabetes mellitus management and atherosclerosis development and progression. Indeed, B1 supplementation counteracts oxidative stress and inflammation, significantly ameliorating glycemic and lipemic profiles. Additionally, we reported the beneficial effects of thiamine in counteracting cardiotoxicity induced by cancer therapy. Although preclinical data strongly support the benefits of thiamine, clinical trial findings are in contrast and contradictory, hampered by limitations such as small sample sizes and inadequate follow-up. Further research is needed to investigate thiamine's potential benefits, overcoming current study limitations and evaluating its use as a supplemental therapy alongside standard treatments in different high-cardiovascular-risk conditions.
1936年实现了纯硫胺素的分离、结构解析与合成，这标志着维生素研究的一个里程碑。作为一种可溶于水的有机化合物，硫胺素对动植物的碳水化合物代谢至关重要，并且以其活性形式——作为硫胺素焦磷酸辅酶的一部分——发挥这些功能。因此，硫胺素是人体健康所必需的维生素，参与调节多种病理生理机制的多条途径。心血管疾病受到硫胺素失衡的显著影响，补充硫胺素可使相关病症得到显著改善。在这篇全面综述中，我们旨在研究硫胺素缺乏与蓄积的双重作用，重点分析硫胺素缺乏的原因。我们详细阐述了硫胺素缺乏对代谢、心血管风险和心力衰竭的影响，解释了代谢功能障碍所涉及的分子机制，并强调了补充维生素B1在糖尿病管理以及动脉粥样硬化发生和发展中的作用。事实上，补充维生素B1可抵消氧化应激和炎症，显著改善血糖和血脂状况。此外，我们报告了硫胺素在对抗癌症治疗引起的心脏毒性方面的有益作用。尽管临床前数据有力地支持了硫胺素的益处，但临床试验结果却相反且相互矛盾，受到样本量小和随访不足等限制的阻碍。需要进一步研究来调查硫胺素的潜在益处，克服当前研究的局限性，并评估其在不同高心血管风险状况下作为标准治疗辅助疗法的用途。
