Zhao Meng, Lone Jameel, Reghupaty Saranya, Linde-Garelli Karen Yasmin, Svensson Katrin J
1Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
2Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; email:
Annu Rev Nutr. 2025 Apr 18. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-111824-012939.
Hexoses, including glucose, fructose, and galactose, are six-carbon monosaccharides that play fundamental roles in mammalian metabolism, with glucose serving as the primary energy source and fructose and galactose metabolized through pathways converging with glucose metabolism. While glucose metabolism has been extensively studied over the past hundred years, the mechanisms of fructose metabolism and uptake, the transporters involved, and its roles in physiology and disease are far less explored. Recent data also suggest that excessive fructose intake can have detrimental effects on metabolic organs, including the liver. Emerging studies have uncovered novel regulatory mechanisms in glucose and fructose metabolism, including the role of posttranslational modifications of transporters and enzymes, and the discovery of regulators of transporters. Here, we highlight new findings on the regulation of glucose and fructose transporters and integrate recent molecular and clinical insights into how glucose and fructose contribute to metabolic diseases.
己糖，包括葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖，是六碳单糖，在哺乳动物新陈代谢中发挥着重要作用，其中葡萄糖作为主要能量来源，果糖和半乳糖通过与葡萄糖代谢汇聚的途径进行代谢。虽然在过去的一百年里，葡萄糖代谢已经得到了广泛研究，但果糖代谢与摄取的机制、涉及的转运蛋白及其在生理和疾病中的作用却鲜有人探索。最近的数据还表明，过量摄入果糖会对包括肝脏在内的代谢器官产生有害影响。新出现的研究揭示了葡萄糖和果糖代谢中的新调控机制，包括转运蛋白和酶的翻译后修饰作用，以及转运蛋白调节因子的发现。在此，我们重点介绍葡萄糖和果糖转运蛋白调控方面的新发现，并整合近期关于葡萄糖和果糖如何导致代谢性疾病的分子及临床见解。
