Austin Grace, Ferguson Jessica J A, Eslick Shaun, Oldmeadow Christopher, Wood Lisa G, Garg Manohar L
School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2025 Apr 18. doi: 10.1038/s41430-025-01621-1.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Despite the healthful nature of plant-based diets (PBDs) there is potential for nutritional inadequacies. This study aimed to compare dietary intakes and nutritional adequacy in Australians following PBDs compared a regular meat-eating diet. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional study of adults (n = 240) aged 30-75 yrs, habitually following dietary patterns for ≥6 months; vegan, lacto-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian, semi-vegetarian or regular meat-eater (n = 48 per group). Dietary intakes were assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires and dietitian-administered diet histories. Multivariable regression adjusted for sex, age, BMI, race, energy intake and physical activity. RESULTS: Compared to regular meat-eaters, vegans and lacto-ovo vegetarians had significantly lower intakes of protein (4-5 EN%), saturated fat (2-4 EN%), trans fat, cholesterol, vitamin B, iodine, riboflavin, niacin, sodium, and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA), and higher carbohydrate (5-7 EN%), fibre, vitamin E, folate, magnesium, iron, and n-6PUFA, whereas, pesco-vegetarians and semi-vegetarians had intermediate intakes. Individuals following PBDs consumed significantly more daily serves of vegetables (1-1.5 serves), fruit (1 serve, vegan only), legumes/nuts (0.5-1 serves), and less discretionary choices (0.5-1 serves) compared to regular meat-eaters. All dietary patterns were adequate in protein, exceeded in fat, inadequate in carbohydrate and met recommended serves of fruit and vegetables, but not grains. Inadequate serves were observed for meat/poultry/eggs/beans/nuts among PBDs except pesco-vegetarians, and dairy among semi-vegetarians and regular meat-eaters. Vegans and lacto-vegetarians were inadequate in vitamin B12, LCn-3PUFA, iodine, and in addition calcium among vegans, iodine in pesco-vegetarians, and LCn-3PUFA in semi-vegetarians and regular meat-eaters. CONCLUSION: PBDs, while higher in beneficial nutrients and wholefood groups than regular meat-eaters, may lead to nutritional inadequacies if not planned appropriately.
背景/目的：尽管植物性饮食有益健康，但仍存在营养不足的可能性。本研究旨在比较遵循植物性饮食的澳大利亚人与常吃肉类饮食的人的饮食摄入量和营养充足情况。 对象/方法：对年龄在30 - 75岁、习惯性遵循某种饮食模式≥6个月的成年人（n = 240）进行横断面研究；纯素食者、乳素食者、 pesco-素食者、半素食者或常吃肉类者（每组n = 48）。使用经过验证的食物频率问卷和营养师管理的饮食史来评估饮食摄入量。多变量回归对性别、年龄、BMI、种族、能量摄入和身体活动进行了调整。 结果：与常吃肉类者相比，纯素食者和乳蛋素食者的蛋白质（4 - 5能量百分比）、饱和脂肪（2 - 4能量百分比）、反式脂肪、胆固醇、维生素B、碘、核黄素、烟酸、钠和长链ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（LCn-3PUFA）摄入量显著较低，碳水化合物（5 - 7能量百分比）、纤维、维生素E、叶酸、镁、铁和n-6PUFA摄入量较高，而pesco-素食者和半素食者的摄入量处于中间水平。与常吃肉类者相比，遵循植物性饮食的人每天食用的蔬菜（1 - 1.5份）、水果（1份，仅纯素食者）、豆类/坚果（0.5 - 1份）明显更多，而随意选择的食物（0.5 - 1份）更少。所有饮食模式的蛋白质摄入量充足，脂肪摄入量超标，碳水化合物摄入量不足，水果和蔬菜的摄入量达到推荐量，但谷物未达到。除pesco-素食者外，植物性饮食模式中肉类/家禽/蛋类/豆类/坚果的摄入量不足，半素食者和常吃肉类者中乳制品的摄入量不足。纯素食者和乳素食者的维生素B12、LCn-3PUFA、碘摄入量不足，此外纯素食者的钙摄入量不足，pesco-素食者的碘摄入量不足，半素食者和常吃肉类者的LCn-3PUFA摄入量不足。 结论：植物性饮食虽然比常吃肉类者含有更多有益营养素和全食物类别，但如果规划不当可能导致营养不足。
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